Studies on a primitive cerebellar cortex III. The projection of the anterior lateral-line nerve to the lateral-line lobes of the dogfish brain

1977 ◽  
Vol 195 (1121) ◽  
pp. 479-496 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Line ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Respiratory Rhythm ◽  
Second Order ◽  
High Frequency Stimulation ◽  
Lateral Line System ◽  
Field Potentials ◽  
Primary Afferent ◽  
Line System ◽  
Stimulation Of

Field potentials and unit discharges generated by electrical stimulation of the anterior lateral-line nerves were recorded from the ipsilateral lateral-line lobes of the hindbrain of decerebrate dogfish. They were absent from the cerebellar corpus and the contralateral hindbrain. The field potentials were positive-going within the molecular layer and negative-going in the underlying dorsal nucleus. They were preceded by compound action potentials of sensory fibres and of antidromically activated lateral-line efferent neurones. The earliest part of the main field probably represents the monosynaptic activation of second-order afferent cell bodies. It was closely followed by the antidromic invasion of the cell bodies and dendrites of the efferent neurones. Later portions of the potentials were created by repetitive activity of the second order afferent cells and of the efferent neurones. It is thought that the dendrites of the second order cells propagated active potentials from the cell body into the molecular layer at velocities of about 0.5 m s -1 . The unit discharges were identified as arising from: (i) primary afferent fibres, (ii) second order afferent neurones, and (iii) efferent neurones. Primary afferent fibres, which frequently discharged in phase with respiratory movements, responded vigorously to natural stimulation of the lateral lines of the head. Secondary afferent cells did not show a respiratory rhythm, probably because lateral-line stimulation was followed by a sharp fall in excitability which began 15 ms after the stimulus and lasted for at least 30 ms. Complete recovery from a single lateral­-line stimulus took as long as 100 ms. Some nerve cells, which could follow high-frequency stimulation at short latency without ‘jitter’, also discharged up to 4 later spikes to a single stimulus if stimuli were applied at rates of < 0.3 Hz. This discharge was evidently synaptically derived and would follow higher stimulation frequencies (1 Hz) if presented with paired stimuli. Such neurones must be efferent cells of the lateral-line system.

scholarly journals Frequency response properties of primary afferent neurons in the posterior lateral line system of larval zebrafish

2015 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 657-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Levi ◽  
Otar Akanyeti ◽  
Aleksander Ballo ◽  
James C. Liao
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Line ◽  
Sine Wave ◽  
Afferent Neuron ◽  
Lateral Line System ◽  
Afferent Neurons ◽  
Primary Afferent Neurons ◽  
Primary Afferent ◽  
Line System ◽  
Response Properties ◽  
Larval Zebrafish

The ability of fishes to detect water flow with the neuromasts of their lateral line system depends on the physiology of afferent neurons as well as the hydrodynamic environment. Using larval zebrafish ( Danio rerio), we measured the basic response properties of primary afferent neurons to mechanical deflections of individual superficial neuromasts. We used two types of stimulation protocols. First, we used sine wave stimulation to characterize the response properties of the afferent neurons. The average frequency-response curve was flat across stimulation frequencies between 0 and 100 Hz, matching the filtering properties of a displacement detector. Spike rate increased asymptotically with frequency, and phase locking was maximal between 10 and 60 Hz. Second, we used pulse train stimulation to analyze the maximum spike rate capabilities. We found that afferent neurons could generate up to 80 spikes/s and could follow a pulse train stimulation rate of up to 40 pulses/s in a reliable and precise manner. Both sine wave and pulse stimulation protocols indicate that an afferent neuron can maintain their evoked activity for longer durations at low stimulation frequencies than at high frequencies. We found one type of afferent neuron based on spontaneous activity patterns and discovered a correlation between the level of spontaneous and evoked activity. Overall, our results establish the baseline response properties of lateral line primary afferent neurons in larval zebrafish, which is a crucial step in understanding how vertebrate mechanoreceptive systems sense and subsequently process information from the environment.

Hindbrain signal processing in the lateral line system of the dwarf scorpionfish Scopeana papillosus

1996 ◽  
Vol 199 (4) ◽  
pp. 893-899 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Montgomery ◽  
D Bodznick ◽  
M Halstead
Keyword(s):  
Signal Processing ◽  
Spontaneous Activity ◽  
Lateral Line ◽  
Primary Afferents ◽  
Lateral Line System ◽  
Strong Suppression ◽  
Primary Afferent ◽  
Line System ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
Tonic Response

Recordings were made from primary afferent fibres and secondary projection neurones (crest cells) in the mechanosensory lateral line system of the dwarf scorpionfish. Crest cells were identified by antidromic stimulation from the contralateral midbrain. Differences between primary afferent fibre and crest cell response characteristics are indicative of signal processing by the neuronal circuitry of the medial octavolateralis nucleus. There are a number of differences between primary afferent fibres and crest cells. Primary afferents have relatively high levels of spontaneous activity (mean close to 40 impulses s-1) and many of them are strongly modulated by ventilation. By contrast, crest cells have a much lower rate of spontaneous activity that is not obviously modulated by ventilation. Primary afferents show a simple tonic response to a maintained stimulus, whereas crest cells show a variety of temporal response properties, but in general show a phasic/tonic response to the same prolonged stimulus. Afferents are most sensitive to frequencies of stimulation around 100 Hz; in contrast, crest cells show a strong suppression of activity at this frequency. Crest cells are most responsive around 50 Hz. These afferent/secondary comparisons show similarities with those reported for allied electrosensory and auditory pathways.

Studies on a primitive cerebellar cortex - II. The projection of the posterior lateral-line nerve to the lateral-line lobes of the dogfish brain

1977 ◽  
Vol 195 (1121) ◽  
pp. 467-478 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Lateral Line ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Field Potentials ◽  
Active Response ◽  
Lateral Line Nerve ◽  
Posterior Lateral Line ◽  
Lateral Posterior ◽  
Latency Variation ◽  
Stimulation Of

Field potentials and unit responses generated by electrical stimulation of the posterior lateral-line nerve were recorded from the dogfish hindbrain. The field potentials were largest on the surface of the ipsi-lateral posterior lateral-line lobe and were smaller on or absent from adjacent regions. They were positive in the molecular layer but reversed to become negative in the lobe neuropil where unit responses from afferent fibres and secondary neurons were recorded. A large negative deflexion, which superimposed on the positive field and whose latency decreased linearly with depth was sometimes recorded in the molecular layer; this potential was interpreted as being an active response of the molecular-layer dendrites of the secondary neurons conducting at about 0.3 m s -1 . The secondary neurons were monosynaptically excited by the lateral-line input and discharged up to three spikes for a single stimu­lus: they showed considerable latency variation and were unable to follow stimulation above 100 Hz.

The Pharmacology of Efferent Synapses in the Lateral-Line System of Xenopus Laevis

1971 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 643-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. RUSSELL
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Neuromuscular Junction ◽  
Lateral Line ◽  
Hair Cells ◽  
Lateral Line System ◽  
Line System ◽  
Reversible Inhibition ◽  
Transmitter Substance ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. The nature of the transmitter substance released at the lateral-line efferent synapses was investigated by histochemical techniques in Xenopus and Acerina and by pharmacological methods in Xenopus. 2. The bases of lateral-line hair-cells and fine fibres in the lateral-line nerves reacted positively for acetylcholinesterase in Acerina and to a lesser extent in Xenopus. 3. Acetylcholine (10-6M, and acetyl-β-methyl choline (5 x 10-6M), which has a muscarinic action, caused strong reversible inhibition of afferent impulses when pipetted on to the undersides of lateral-line stitches. Carbachol (5 x 10-4 to 5 x 10-5M) caused a smaller reversible inhibition of spontaneous afferent impulses, but other nicotinic substances (propionylcholine and buterylcholine) had no effect. 4. Physostigmine (5 x 10-5M) prolonged inhibition of afferent impulses by electrical stimulation of efferent fibres, but atropine (5 x 10-6M) blocked it. 5. Calcium and magnesium interact at the efferent synapses in a way similar to that found at the amphibian neuromuscular junction. 6. Arguments are put forward to support the hypothesis that acetylcholine is released at lateral-line efferent synapses.

scholarly journals Diversity and sexual dimorphism in the head lateral line system in North Sea populations of threespine sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus (Teleostei: Gasterosteidae)

Zoomorphology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harald Ahnelt ◽  
David Ramler ◽  
Maria Ø. Madsen ◽  
Lasse F. Jensen ◽  
Sonja Windhager
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Lateral Line ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Sensory System ◽  
Threespine Stickleback ◽  
Lateral Line System ◽  
Line System ◽  
Marine Population ◽  
Threespine Sticklebacks

AbstractThe mechanosensory lateral line of fishes is a flow sensing system and supports a number of behaviors, e.g. prey detection, schooling or position holding in water currents. Differences in the neuromast pattern of this sensory system reflect adaptation to divergent ecological constraints. The threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, is known for its ecological plasticity resulting in three major ecotypes, a marine type, a migrating anadromous type and a resident freshwater type. We provide the first comparative study of the pattern of the head lateral line system of North Sea populations representing these three ecotypes including a brackish spawning population. We found no distinct difference in the pattern of the head lateral line system between the three ecotypes but significant differences in neuromast numbers. The anadromous and the brackish populations had distinctly less neuromasts than their freshwater and marine conspecifics. This difference in neuromast number between marine and anadromous threespine stickleback points to differences in swimming behavior. We also found sexual dimorphism in neuromast number with males having more neuromasts than females in the anadromous, brackish and the freshwater populations. But no such dimorphism occurred in the marine population. Our results suggest that the head lateral line of the three ecotypes is under divergent hydrodynamic constraints. Additionally, sexual dimorphism points to divergent niche partitioning of males and females in the anadromous and freshwater but not in the marine populations. Our findings imply careful sampling as an important prerequisite to discern especially between anadromous and marine threespine sticklebacks.

Larval lampreys possess a functional lateral line system

2006 ◽  
Vol 193 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Gelman ◽  
A. Ayali ◽  
E. D. Tytell ◽  
A. H. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Line ◽  
Lateral Line System ◽  
Line System
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