scholarly journals XVIII. On the evidences of a submergence of Western Europe, and of the Mediterranean coasts, at the close of the glacial or so-called post-glacial period, and immediately preceding the neolithic or recent period

1893 ◽  
Vol 184 ◽  
pp. 903-984 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Glacial Period ◽  
Personal Observation ◽  
Recent Period ◽  
Geological Society ◽  
Slight Degree ◽  
Continental Area ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
General Objection ◽  
Raised Beaches

In a paper read before the Geological Society early this year, I gave the evidence—the result of personal observation—which led me to conclude that the South of England had been submerged to the depth of not less than about 1000 feet between the Glacial (or Post-glacial) and the recent or Neolithic periods. That evidence was based upon the characters, physical and palæontological, of a peculiar superficial drift, for which I proposed the term of "Rubble-drift,” to distinguish it from the valley, marine, and glacial drifts of the same districts. Under this term I include various detrital deposits to which different designations have been attached. Amongst the more important of these are the drift called “head” over the Raised Beaches of the Channel and the Ossiferous Fissures of South Devon. Various explanations have been suggested to account for the “head,” such as, 1st, an excessive rainfall, accompanied by great cold; 2nd, the sliding of masses of snow and ice over slopes; 3rd, waves of translation; 4th, torrential fluviatile action during a period of great cold. I have stated in the paper referred to the objections to these several explanations. Some of them, no doubt, would suffice to produce a portion of the observed effects, but they fail to embrace the whole, and they all involve consequences which are incompatible with the general facts. They all, also, with one exception, depend on subaërial agencies, to which there is the general objection that these agencies involve a certain amount of friction and weathering which are conspicuously wanting—or, if present, it is in a very slight degree—in the deposits under review. There is the further objection that some of the phenomena indicate the exercise of a propelling force for which the suggested causes are manifestly inadequate. There are other points, apparently inconsistent with such agencies, connected more especially with the Ossiferous fissures and the Loess of the continental area, which will be considered more fully in the following pages.

scholarly journals I. On the evidences of a submergence of Western Europe and of the Mediterranean coasts at the close of the glacial or so-called Post-Glacial Period, and immediately preceding the Neolithic or recent period

1893 ◽  
Vol 53 (321-325) ◽  
pp. 80-89
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Glacial Period ◽  
Recent Period ◽  
The South ◽  
Geological Society ◽  
Glacial Origin ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Organic Remains

In a communication made early this year (1892) to the Geological Society, the author showed that in the South of England, besides the superficial drift deposits of river, sea, and glacial origin, there was yet another which could not be refered to any of these agencies, and which he was led to conclude was the result of a submergence of not less than 1000 feet at the close of the so-called Post-Glacial Period. This drift, unlike the others, does not contain either fluviatile or marine remains, nor does it exhibit any traces of glacial action. Its component materials are always derived from the adjacent hills, and none from a distance, so that they have undergone little or no wear, whilst the only organic remains are those only of land animals and of land shells.

Transnational Patriotism in the Mediterranean, 1800-1850

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantina Zanou
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Political Space ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Italian Peninsula ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Multicultural Context ◽  
The Common ◽  
Ugo Foscolo ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Republic

Transnational Patriotism in the Mediterranean, 1800–1850: Stammering the Nation investigates the long process of transition from a world of empires to a world of nation-states by narrating the biographies of a group of people who were born within empires but came of age surrounded by the emerging vocabulary of nationalism, much of which they themselves created. It is the story of a generation of intellectuals and political thinkers from the Ionian Islands who experienced the collapse of the Republic of Venice and the dissolution of the common cultural and political space of the Adriatic, and who contributed to the creation of Italian and Greek nationalisms. By uncovering this forgotten intellectual universe, Transnational Patriotism in the Mediterranean retrieves a world characterized by multiple cultural, intellectual, and political affiliations that have since been buried by the conventional narrative of the formation of nation-states. The book rethinks the origins of Italian and Greek nationalisms and states, highlighting the intellectual connection between the Italian peninsula, Greece, and Russia, and re-establishing the lost link between the changing geopolitical contexts of western Europe, the Mediterranean, and the Balkans in the Age of Revolutions. It re-inscribes important intellectuals and political figures, considered ‘national fathers’ of Italy and Greece (such as Ugo Foscolo, Dionysios Solomos, Ioannis Kapodistrias, and Niccolò Tommaseo), into their regional and multicultural context, and shows how nations emerged from an intermingling, rather than a clash, of ideas concerning empire and liberalism, Enlightenment and religion, revolution and conservatism, and East and West.

Problems of the Duration of the Eemian Interglacial in Europe North of the Alps

2002 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Turner
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
Temperate Forest ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Laminated Sediment ◽  
Annually Laminated Sediment ◽  
The Alps ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Eemian Interglacial

AbstractSuggestions that the duration of the Eemian interglacial was about 11,000 yr, based on annually laminated sediment sequences in Germany, have been challenged in favor of a much longer interval. However, biostratigraphic evidence demonstrates why the Eemian sequences at Grande Pile and Ribains cannot be reliably used for alignment with the marine sequence, as applied by Kukla et al. (2002, this issue) to estimate the duration of this interglacial. The long chronology they propose would imply not just coniferous but, for up to 5000 yr, fully temperate forest in central France coexisting with treeless heath and steppe tundra conditions in northwestern Europe, an unlikely climatic and ecological scenario. The proposal that the Eemian Interglacial in western Europe lasted for 17,000 or even 23,000 yr is rejected. A duration of no more than 13,000 yr is preferred, at least for sites north of the Alps and Pyrenees. The duration of temperate conditions in the Mediterranean region is less certain.

The Medieval Sea

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Rose
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
English Channel ◽  
Naval Warfare ◽  
Secondary Literature ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Late Fifteenth

This book provides an accessible study of how peoples bordering the Mediterranean, North Sea, English Channel and eastern Atlantic related to the sea in all its aspects. This book surveys how the peoples bordering the Mediterranean, North Sea, English Channel and eastern Atlantic related to the sea in all its aspects between approximately 1000-1500 A.D.How was the sea represented in poems and other writings? What kinds of boats were used and how were they built? How easy was it to navigate on short or long passages? Was seaborne trade crucial to the economy of this area? Did naval warfare loom large in the minds of medieval rulers? What can be said more generally about the lives of those who went to sea or who lived by its shores? These are the major questions which are addressed in this book, which is based on extensive research in both maritime archives and also in secondary literature. It concludes by pointing out how the relatively enclosed maritime world of Western Europe was radically changed by the voyages of the late fifteenth century across the Atlantic to the Caribbean and round Africa to India.

III.—On the First Stages of the Glacial Period in Norfolk and Suffolk

1877 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 156-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Belt
Keyword(s):  
Quarterly Journal ◽  
Glacial Period ◽  
East Anglia ◽  
Geological Society

The publication in the last Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of the most instructive paper by Messrs. S. V. Wood, jun., and F. W. Harmer, on the Later Tertiary Geology of East Anglia, and one by the latter author on the Kessingland Cliff-section, induces me to offer the following remarks, with the hope that my views may be considered by geologists who have made this question their study.

scholarly journals A modelling study of photochemical regimes over Europe: robustness and variability

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1521-1560 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Beekmann ◽  
R. Vautard
Keyword(s):  
Model Uncertainty ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Relative Sensitivity ◽  
Time Variability ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
North Western ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

Abstract. The variability of the relative sensitivity to volatile organic compounds (VOC) or NOx emissions, the chemical regime, over Europe during summers 2001 to 2003 is simulated with a regional scale transport-chemistry model. The robustness of chemical regimes is shown. A VOC sensitive regime over North-Western Europe and a mainly NOx sensitive regime over the Mediterranean basin and Eastern Europe are found, confirming earlier published results. The chemical regime time variability, its robustness to several environmental factors (seasonality, interannual variability) and to model uncertainty are thoroughly analysed. The chemical regime spatial structure only slightly depends on the ozone target considered (daily ozone maximum or AOT40, SOMO35, ...). Differences between particular years and summer months are weak. Day to day variability is significant but does not change the occurrence of one or another chemical regime over North-Western Europe and the Mediterranean basin. Expected decreases in anthropogenic NOx emissions over Europe since the last and for the next few decades have shifted and will shift chemical regimes to more NOx sensitive. The predictive and explanatory use of chemical regime indicator species is also investigated. For all cases but near ship tracks over the Mediterranean basin, the spatial pattern of chemical regimes appears to be robust with respect to model uncertainty.

Note on a Micoquian Tool from a Raised Beach in Morbihan

1956 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Henri Breuil
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Narrow Channel ◽  
Stone Tools ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
Glacial Period ◽  
English Channel ◽  
Chipped Stone ◽  
Raised Beaches ◽  
Geological Position

During the years between 1932–40 I went many times to Carnac (Morbihan) to visit megaliths in that neighbourhood and copy the decorations on them. I was astonished to note, amongst the chipped stone tools in the museum there, a very small yellowish flint bifaced implement picked up by Zachary Le Rouzic on the island of Téviec, noted for the excavations and magnificent Mesolithic discoveries of M. and Mme. St.-Just Péquart. This, of course, was not a tool from their Mesolithic site, but was a stray find from the island, where it was found by Le Rouzic in the gravelly section near the neck of land joining the Quiberon peninsula. Téviec consists of two islands divided by a narrow channel of sea. The section is opposite to the mainland, on the bigger island forming the edge of this channel. It shows threé beds of sea-worn pebbles of medium and small size; the upper two beds are separated by red sand. In the uppermost bed, the pebbles have taken a vertical position, similar to those in the upper part (the so-called head) of the lower raised beaches of the English Channel. This phenomenon is due to the cryoturbation during a glacial period. The upper bed is pre-Würmian, though not necessarily very much so, for it suffered through cryoturbation during the Würmian stage. The angles of the stone implement are sharp, i.e. it had not been rolled—and it came therefore from the red sandy bed, that is from a late stage in the Riss-Würm, when the sea slightly retreated between two periods of slight rises in sea-level. This implement thus has some importance owing to its geological position. I visited the site with Zachary Le Rouzic on the ioth October, 1936, but I found no sign of worked stone tools in any of these levels, which are very slightly above the modern sea-level.

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