The development of modern metrology and its role today

2005 ◽  
Vol 363 (1834) ◽  
pp. 2307-2327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry Quinn ◽  
Jean Kovalevsky
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
Mass Production ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Modern Metrology ◽  
The French Revolution

Modern metrology is the result of more than 200 years of development that began with the creation of the decimal metric system at the time of the French Revolution and the beginning, at about the same time, of mass production using interchangeable parts. This article traces these developments and describes how world metrology is organized today and gives examples of applications of metrology showing how it concerns us all in many aspects of our daily life.

William Eden and the Treaty of Mauritius, 1786–7

1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 681-696
Author(s):  
G. C. Bolton ◽  
B. E. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
American Colonies ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The French Revolution

During the generation before the French Revolution, die Atlantic colonial powers - Britain, France, Spain - endeavoured in various ways to assert metropolitan control of trade and expansion in the colonies. The revolt of Britain's American colonies was the most spectacular failure of such policies, but it did not deter eidier London or Versailles after the peace of 1783 from continuing to seek a more active supervision of their colonial outposts. Among symptoms of this activity were the energetic policies of die French ministry of marine under Castries, and the creation of the Board of Control for India and the renovated Board of Trade under Pitt

The French Revolution and the Creation of Benthamism

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-272
Author(s):  
R. Hammersley
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The French Revolution

scholarly journals Hoe een verlichtingsideaal een taal wist uit te roeien : Over de verdwijning van het Jiddisch in Nederland

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-183
Author(s):  
Camiel Hamans
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Small Group ◽  
Jewish Community ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
National Language ◽  
Liberal Group ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The French Revolution

Abstract How Enlightenment eradicated a language: About the disappearance of Yiddish in the NetherlandsThis study discusses the disappearance of Yiddish in the Netherlands. At the end of the 18th century a small group of progressive Jews, inspired by the French Revolution and the ideas of the Jewish Enlightenment Haskalah, tried to implement changes in the Jewish community of Amsterdam. One of the innovations they proposed was giving up Yiddish in favor of Dutch. Their arguments were threefold: Yiddish was a corrupted language in which it was impossible to think clearly. Secondly, by using Yiddish the Jews isolated themselves, which led to their backwardness and poverty. Thirdly, by not mastering the national language, the Jews were unable to make full use of their newly acquired civil rights. The initiative of this small group of forerunners met with fierce resistance in the Jewish community. With the help of two successive kings, who sought centralization and the creation of a common national identity, the progressive liberal group finally gained victory. After about a century, it turned out that Yiddish had disappeared from the Netherlands.

Shaping Institutions

2021 ◽  
pp. 78-102
Author(s):  
Clive Emsley
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
The State ◽  
Modern State ◽  
External Threats ◽  
Public Spirit ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Government ◽  
The French Revolution ◽  
The Revolution

This chapter focuses on the period of the French Revolution, which saw a greater emphasis on the creation of police institutions and particularly fostered developments in political policing designed to check any one or any group that appeared to threaten the state. The revolution, the wars, and the politics of the period helped to shape the police institutions of Europe for the generations that spanned the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth centuries. They also contributed to the extension of what the French term haute police and which, in 1841, had its essence defined by a prefect as ‘everything related to the security of the king and of the state and also related to public spirit, opinions manifested, news that circulates as it arrives, and the men known to be opposed to the government’. Successive regimes in France—revolutionary, Napoleonic, Restoration—developed political police to investigate internal and external threats; opponents of the French acted similarly. Political police were developed to cope with threats to what increasingly resembled the modern state, and so too were ideas and practices regarding police who could prevent crime in the streets and countryside. At the same time, popular policing and the victim’s or community’s investigations and pursuits still continued, as did victim and community discretion about how to treat a suspect.

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