scholarly journals Visual adaptation and face perception

2011 ◽  
Vol 366 (1571) ◽  
pp. 1702-1725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Webster ◽  
Donald I. A. MacLeod
Keyword(s):  
Face Perception ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Neural Coding ◽  
Colour Vision ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Visual Adaptation ◽  
Human Face ◽  
After Effects ◽  
Coding Schemes ◽  
Similarities And Differences

The appearance of faces can be strongly affected by the characteristics of faces viewed previously. These perceptual after-effects reflect processes of sensory adaptation that are found throughout the visual system, but which have been considered only relatively recently in the context of higher level perceptual judgements. In this review, we explore the consequences of adaptation for human face perception, and the implications of adaptation for understanding the neural-coding schemes underlying the visual representation of faces. The properties of face after-effects suggest that they, in part, reflect response changes at high and possibly face-specific levels of visual processing. Yet, the form of the after-effects and the norm-based codes that they point to show many parallels with the adaptations and functional organization that are thought to underlie the encoding of perceptual attributes like colour. The nature and basis for human colour vision have been studied extensively, and we draw on ideas and principles that have been developed to account for norms and normalization in colour vision to consider potential similarities and differences in the representation and adaptation of faces.

scholarly journals The COVID-19 pandemic masks the way people perceive faces

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erez Freud ◽  
Andreja Stajduhar ◽  
R. Shayna Rosenbaum ◽  
Galia Avidan ◽  
Tzvi Ganel
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Face Perception ◽  
Face Processing ◽  
Qualitative Change ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Human Face ◽  
Human Face Recognition ◽  
Processing Abilities ◽  
Partially Occluded ◽  
The Way

AbstractThe unprecedented efforts to minimize the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic introduce a new arena for human face recognition in which faces are partially occluded with masks. Here, we tested the extent to which face masks change the way faces are perceived. To this end, we evaluated face processing abilities for masked and unmasked faces in a large online sample of adult observers (n = 496) using an adapted version of the Cambridge Face Memory Test, a validated measure of face perception abilities in humans. As expected, a substantial decrease in performance was found for masked faces. Importantly, the inclusion of masks also led to a qualitative change in the way masked faces are perceived. In particular, holistic processing, the hallmark of face perception, was disrupted for faces with masks, as suggested by a reduced inversion effect. Similar changes were found whether masks were included during the study or the test phases of the experiment. Together, we provide novel evidence for quantitative and qualitative alterations in the processing of masked faces that could have significant effects on daily activities and social interactions.

scholarly journals The role of prefrontal cortex in working memory: examining the contents of consciousness

1998 ◽  
Vol 353 (1377) ◽  
pp. 1819-1828 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
S. M. Courtney ◽  
L. Petit ◽  
J. V. Haxby ◽  
L. G. Ungerleider
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Spatial Working Memory ◽  
Domain Specificity ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
The Right

Working memory enables us to hold in our ‘mind's eye’ the contents of our conscious awareness, even in the absence of sensory input, by maintaining an active representation of information for a brief period of time. In this review we consider the functional organization of the prefrontal cortex and its role in this cognitive process. First, we present evidence from brain–imaging studies that prefrontal cortex shows sustained activity during the delay period of visual working memory tasks, indicating that this cortex maintains on–line representations of stimuli after they are removed from view. We then present evidence for domain specificity within frontal cortex based on the type of information, with object working memory mediated by more ventral frontal regions and spatial working memory mediated by more dorsal frontal regions. We also propose that a second dimension for domain specificity within prefrontal cortex might exist for object working memory on the basis of the type of representation, with analytic representations maintained preferentially in the left hemisphere and image–based representations maintained preferentially in the right hemisphere. Furthermore, we discuss the possibility that there are prefrontal areas brought into play during the monitoring and manipulation of information in working memory in addition to those engaged during the maintenance of this information. Finally, we consider the relationship of prefrontal areas important for working memory, both to posterior visual processing areas and to prefrontal areas associated with long–term memory.

scholarly journals Neural correlates of the eye dominance effect in human face perception: the left-visual-field superiority for faces revisited

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1342-1350
Author(s):  
Wookyoung Jung ◽  
Joong-Gu Kang ◽  
Hyeonjin Jeon ◽  
Miseon Shim ◽  
Ji Sun Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Face Perception ◽  
Left Visual Field ◽  
Dominance Effect ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Human Face ◽  
Eye Dominance ◽  
Visual Field Superiority

scholarly journals A connectivity-constrained computational account of topographic organization in high-level visual cortex

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas M Blauch ◽  
Marlene Behrmann ◽  
David Plaut
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Spatial Clusters ◽  
Feature Extracting ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Visual Processes ◽  
Topographic Organization ◽  
High Level ◽  
Multiple Domain

Inferotemporal cortex (IT) in humans and other primates is topographically organized, with multiple domain-selective areas and other general patterns of functional organization. What factors underlie this organization, and what can this neural arrangement tell us about the mechanisms of high level vision? Here, we present an account of topographic organization involving a computational model with two components: 1) a feature-extracting encoder model of early visual processes, followed by 2) a model of high-level hierarchical visual processing in IT subject to specific biological constraints. In particular, minimizing the wiring cost on spatially organized feedforward and lateral connections within IT, combined with constraining the feedforward processing to be strictly excitatory, results in a hierarchical, topographic organization. This organization replicates a number of key properties of primate IT cortex, including the presence of domain-selective spatial clusters preferentially involved in the representation of faces, objects, and scenes, within-domain topographic organization such as animacy and indoor/outdoor distinctions, and generic spatial organization whereby the response correlation of pairs of units falls off with their distance. The model supports a view in which both domain-specific and domain-general topographic organization arise in the visual system from an optimization process that maximizes behavioral performance while minimizing wiring costs.

scholarly journals Neural coding of action planning: visual processing or visual memory?

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Simona Monaco ◽  
Elisa Pellencin ◽  
Malfatti Giulia ◽  
Turella Luca
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Neural Coding ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Action Planning

The Neural Underpinings of Simultanagnosia: Disconnecting the Visuospatial Attention Network

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 718-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Chechlacz ◽  
Pia Rotshtein ◽  
Peter C. Hansen ◽  
Jane M. Riddoch ◽  
Shoumitro Deb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gray Matter ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Visuospatial Attention ◽  
Lesion Volume ◽  
Voxel Based Morphometry ◽  
Attention Network ◽  
Visuospatial Deficits ◽  
Laterality Index

Because of our limited processing capacity, different elements of the visual scene compete for the allocation of processing resources. One of the most striking deficits in visual selection is simultanagnosia, a rare neuropsychological condition characterized by impaired spatial awareness of more than one object at time. To decompose the neuroanatomical substrates of the syndrome and to gain insights into the structural and functional organization of visuospatial attention, we performed a systematic evaluation of lesion patterns in a group of simultanagnosic patients compared with patients with either (i) unilateral visuospatial deficits (neglect and/or extinction) or (ii) bilateral posterior lesions without visuospatial deficits, using overlap/subtraction analyses, estimation of lesion volume, and a lesion laterality index. We next used voxel-based morphometry to assess the link between different visuospatial deficits and gray matter and white matter (WM) damage. Lesion overlap/subtraction analyses, lesion laterality index, and voxel-based morphometry measures converged to indicate that bilateral parieto-occipital WM disconnections are both distinctive and necessary to create symptoms associated with simultanagnosia. We also found that bilateral gray matter damage within the middle frontal area (BA 46), cuneus, calacarine, and parieto-occipital fissure as well as right hemisphere parietal lesions within intraparietal and postcentral gyri were associated with simultanagnosia. Further analysis of the WM based on tractography revealed associations with bilateral damage to major pathways within the visuospatial attention network, including the superior longitudinal fasciculus, the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, and the inferior longitudinal fasciculus. We conclude that damage to the parieto-occipital regions and the intraparietal sulcus, together, with bilateral WM disconnections within the visuosptial attention network, contribute to poor visual processing of multiple objects and the loss of processing speed characteristic of simultanagnosia.

For My Eyes Only

Secret Worlds ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 53-84
Author(s):  
Martin Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Colour Vision ◽  
Green Light ◽  
Light Spectrum ◽  
Colour Perception ◽  
Mantis Shrimp ◽  
Uv Vision ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Polarisation Vision

This chapter explores how vision is used by animals and the diversity in ways of seeing. It first details how colour vision works, focusing on the example of honeybees, which, like humans, are trichromatic and have good colour vision. Bees have a dedicated ultraviolet (UV) receptor, and then one for seeing shortwave (blue) and mediumwave (green) light. Other animals deviate more substantially, in that they have either more or fewer receptors used in colour vision, and hence different ‘dimensions’ of colour perception. The chapter then considers how jumping spiders use UV vision in identifying known or suitable prey species, as well as in mating. It also looks at polarisation vision in mantis shrimp. Mantis shrimp are bizarre in the number of receptors they have, each sensitive to different parts of the light spectrum. Finally, the chapter assesses how toads recognize prey from non-prey. The toad’s visual system acts as a ‘feature detector’ based on several stages of visual processing, producing a quick and appropriate response to a set of criteria that reliably encode objects of particular importance—in this case, food.

Human Face Perception in Transient Prosopagnosia

NeuroImage ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. S349 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Mundel ◽  
V.L. Towle ◽  
A. Dimitrov ◽  
H.W. Wilson ◽  
C. Pelizzari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Face Perception ◽  
Human Face

Binocular visual processing in the owl’s telencephalon

1979 ◽  
Vol 204 (1157) ◽  
pp. 435-454 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Striate Cortex ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Field Size ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Output Neurons ◽  
Global Stereopsis ◽  
Orientation Movement

Single neurons recorded from the owl’s visual Wulst are surprisingly similar to those found in mammalian striate cortex. The receptive fields of Wulst neurons are elaborated, in an apparently hierarchical fashion,from those of their monocular, concentrically organized inputs to produce binocular interneurons with increasingly sophisticated requirements for stimulus orientation, movement and binocular disparity. Output neurons located in the superficial laminae of the Wulst are the most sophisticated of all, with absolute requirements for a combination of stimuli, which include binocular presentation at a particular horizontal binocular dis­parity, and with no response unless all of the stimulus conditions are satisfied simultaneously. Such neurons have the properties required for ‘global stereopsis,’ including a receptive field size many times larger than their optimal stimulus, which is more closely matched to the receptive fields of the simpler, disparity-selective interneurons. These marked similarities in functional organization between the avian and mammalian systems exist in spite of a number of structural differences which reflect their separate evolutionary origins. Discussion therefore includes the possibility that there may exist for nervous systems only a very small number of possible solutions, perhaps a unique one, to the problem of stereopsis.

scholarly journals The Functional Neuroanatomy of Human Face Perception

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalanit Grill-Spector ◽  
Kevin S. Weiner ◽  
Kendrick Kay ◽  
Jesse Gomez
Keyword(s):  
Face Perception ◽  
Human Face ◽  
Functional Neuroanatomy
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