scholarly journals XIII. On the diurnal inequalities of terrestrial magnetism, as deduced from observa­tions made at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, from 1841 to 1857

1863 ◽  
Vol 153 ◽  
pp. 309-316
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Magnetic Storms ◽  
The State ◽  
Vertical Force ◽  
Horizontal Force ◽  
Terrestrial Magnetism ◽  
Royal Observatory ◽  
History Of ◽  
To Receive

It has been usual for the Royal Society to receive among their communications and to publish in their ‘Transactions’ the epitomized results of long series of voluminous observations and laborious calculations, of which the fundamental details have been printed in works specially devoted to those subjects. The paper which I have the honour now to submit to the Society consists principally of results of this class. It exhibits in curves the Diurnal Inequalities of Terrestrial Magnetism, as obtained by the use of instruments essentially the same through the whole period of the seventeen years; during the last ten years of which the magnetic indications have been automa­tically recorded by photographic self-registration, on a system which has been continued to the present time (1863) and is still to be continued. I offer these results to the Royal Society in the hope that they will prove no unimportant contribution to a record of the state of Terrestrial Magnetism at Greenwich, through a period which is likely to be esteemed a very important one in the general history of the science. The magnets of the three magnetometers (Declination, Horizontal Force, Vertical Force), from which these indications are obtained, are 2-foot magnets, such as were introduced by Gauss about the time of commencing this series of observations; two of them were prepared at Gottingen. If I had now to establish a magnetical apparatus, I should probably adopt magnets of smaller dimensions. Yet there are advantages in the use of large magnets, as the power of carrying large mirrors, &c., which I would not lightly forego. And, judging from the completeness and delicacy of the registers of magnetic storms made by all three instruments, I have reason to believe that the general accuracy of the records is almost as great as it will be possible to obtain with any instru­ments. I have therefore not thought it necessary to make any change in the instru­mental system.

scholarly journals On the parallax of the fixed stars

1833 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 65-66
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
The State ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Royal Observatory ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

Dr. Brinkley, of the Observatory of Dublin, having noticed for several years past a periodical deviation of several fixed stars from their mean places, strongly indicating the existence in them of annual parallax, the author was induced to institute a series of observations upon the subject, the results of which are submitted to the Royal Society in the present communication. Being unable to devote the mural circle, erected at the Royal Observatory in 1812, entirely to this investigation, the Astronomer Royal employed two ten-feet telescopes, fixed to stone piers, and directed to the particular stars whose parallax was suspected, and furnished with micrometers for the purpose of comparing them with other stars passing through the same field. The question of parallax is, theoretically speaking, rather curious than important; but with regard to the state of practical astronomy the case is very different, and, as far as relates to the natural history of the sidereal system, it is a subject of interest to ascertain whether the distances of the nearest fixed stars can be numerically expressed from satisfactory data, or whether it be so immeasurably great as to exceed all human powers either to conceive or determine. The principal stars observed by Dr. Brinkley were, α Lyræ, α Aquilæ, α Cygni.

scholarly journals Extract from a letter from M. Kämtz addressed to Colonel Sabine (Translation)

1854 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 300-303
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Force ◽  
Horizontal Force ◽  
Terrestrial Magnetism

I have just completed the memoir on terrestrial magnetism which I mentioned to you in former letters. It would follow from the materials which I have employed, that the horizontal force requires constants which differ from those for the vertical force, and the differences, although for the most part not considerable are sometimes too large, as it appears to me, to be overlooked: it is for observers to decide in this matter.

scholarly journals Stokes at 200: a celebration of the remarkable achievements of Sir George Gabriel Stokes two hundred years after his birth

2020 ◽  
Vol 378 (2174) ◽  
pp. 20190505
Author(s):  
Silvana S. S. Cardoso ◽  
Julyan H. E. Cartwright ◽  
Herbert E. Huppert ◽  
Christopher Ness
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Applied Mathematics ◽  
The State ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Mathematics

Sir George Gabriel Stokes PRS was for 30 years an inimitable Secretary of the Royal Society and its President from 1885 to 1890. Two hundred years after his birth, Stokes is a towering figure in physics and applied mathematics; fluids, asymptotics, optics, acoustics among many other fields. At the Stokes 200 meeting, held at Pembroke College, Cambridge from 15–18th September 2019, an invited audience of about 100 discussed the state of the art in all the modern research fields that have sprung from his work in physics and mathematics, along with the history of how we have got from Stokes’ contributions to where we are now. This theme issue is based on work presented at the Stokes 200 meeting. In bringing together people whose work today is based upon Stokes’ own, we aim to emphasize his influence and legacy at 200 to the community as a whole. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Stokes at 200 (Part 1)’.

XV. On periodical laws discoverable in the mean effects of the larger magnetic disturbances.—No. III

1856 ◽  
Vol 146 ◽  
pp. 357-374 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
The State ◽  
Total Force ◽  
Vertical Force ◽  
Magnetic Forces ◽  
The Hours ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Magnetic Disturbances

Having at length completed the analysis of the larger disturbances of the horizontal and vertical magnetic forces at Toronto during five years of hourly observa­tion, with a view to the development of the periodical laws which regulate the occur­rence of the occasional disturbances of those elements, and of their theoretical equiva­lents, the Inclination and Total Force, I now propose to lay before the Royal Society a condensed view of the mode in which the investigation has been made, and of its results. The hourly observations of the Bifilar and Vertical Force Magnetometers during the five years terminating June 30, 1848, were received at Woolwich, from Toronto, precisely in the state in which they are printed in the second and third volumes of the 'Observations at the Toronto Observatory'; namely, the readings, uncorrected for temperature, at every hour of Göttingen time, arranged in Monthly tables, accom­panied by corresponding tables of the temperature of the magnets, shown by thermo­meters of which the balls were enclosed in the same case with the magnets, and which were read contemporaneously with the Bifilar and Vertical Force scales. The Monthly tables of the scale-readings and of the temperatures were summed before their transmission to Woolwich, both in vertical and horizontal columns, and means were taken of all the days in the month at the different hours, and of all the hours of the day on the different days, forming "hourly means” and "daily means.” In this state the observations were received at Woolwich and subsequently printed; they were, in fact, printed from the original manuscripts.

I. First analysis of 177 magnetic storms, registered by the magnetic instruments in the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, from 1841 to 1857

1864 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 48-50
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Storms ◽  
Magnetic Disturbance ◽  
Terrestrial Magnetism ◽  
Royal Observatory

The author first refers to his paper in the Philosophical Transactions, 1863, “On the Diurnal Inequalities of Terrestrial Magnetism as deduced from Observations made at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, from 1841 to 1857.” These results were obtained by excluding the observations of certain days of great magnetic disturbance; it is the object of the present paper to investigate the results which can be deduced from these omitted days.

scholarly journals XXIII. On the nature of the sun’s magnetic action upon the earth

1863 ◽  
Vol 153 ◽  
pp. 503-516
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
Vertical Force ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Horizontal Force ◽  
Terrestrial Magnetism ◽  
Magnetic Effects ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Magnetic Action

1. In attempting to frame a theory which shall account for the relations which have been shown to exist between the variations of terrestrial magnetism and the position of the sun with respect to the place of observation on the earth’s surface, the following question presents itself for consideration at an early stage of the inquiry, “Are the magnetic effects produced on the earth such as could be explained by the simple supposition that the sun is a great magnet, or not ?” The solution of this question will, to a certain extent, limit the range of probable sources from which to seek the true cause of mag­netic variations, and is therefore worthy of attention. 2. In the first place, let us endeavour to find the law of the diurnal variations of the Declination, Horizontal Force, and Vertical Force at a given place on the earth’s surface, on the supposition that these variations arise from the varying relations, as to position, of the sun acting as a magnet upon the earth.

scholarly journals Report upon a letter addressed by M. le Baron de Humboldt to his Royal highness the President of the Royal Society, and communicated by his Royal Highness to the council

1837 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 418-428 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Magnetic Storms ◽  
The West ◽  
Full Account ◽  
Terrestrial Magnetism ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Nocturnal Period

To His Royal Highness the President and Council of the Royal Society. Previously to offering any opinion on the important communication on which we have been called upon to report, we feel that it will be proper to lay before the Council a full account of the communication itself. In this letter M. de Humboldt developes a plan for the observation of the Pheomena of Terrestrial Magnetism worth of the great and philosophic mind whence it has emanated, and one from which may be anticipated the establishment of the theory of these phenomena. After his return from the equinoctial regions of America, M. de Humboldt, in the years 1806 and 1807, entered upon a careful and minute examination of the course of the diurnal variation of the needle. He was struck, he informs us, in verifying the ordinary regularity of the nocturnal period, with the frequency of perturbations, and, above all, of those oscillations, exceeding the divisions of his scale, which were repeated frequently at the same hours before sunrise. These eccentricities of the needle, of which a certain periodicity has been confirmed by M. Kupffer, appeared to M. de Humboldt to be the effect of a reaction from the interior towards the surface of the globe—he ventures to say, of “ magnetic storms ”—which indicated a rapid change of tension. From that time he was anxious to establish to the east and to the west of the meridian of Berlin, apparatus similar to his own, in order to obtain corresponding observations made at great distances at the same hours, but was for a long period prevented putting his plan into execution by the disturbed state of Germany and his departure for France.

scholarly journals XI. On the diurnal and annual inequalities of terrestrial magnetism, as deduced from observations made at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, from 1858 to 1863; being a continuation of a communication on the diurnal inequalities from 1841 to 1857, printed in the Philosophical Transactions, 1863. With a note on the lunodiurnal and other lunar inequalities, as deduced from observations extending from 1848 to 1863

1869 ◽  
Vol 159 ◽  
pp. 413-424
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Principal Part ◽  
General Character ◽  
Terrestrial Magnetism ◽  
Royal Observatory ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Made In

The paper which I have the honour now to submit to the Royal Society is similar, in its general character, to that which was printed by the Society in the Philosophical Transactions for 1863, as containing in a contracted form the results of very extensive observations which have been printed, and of detailed calculations founded on them which are prepared for printing, in the legitimate organ of publication of the observa­tions made in the Royal Observatory. For the principal part of the work, the results are here exhibited to the eye in the shape of diagrams. The instruments employed are precisely the same which were used in the second part of the former investigation, from 1848 to 1857, mounted in the same place, and treated in the same manner; and the observations are reduced by application of the same for­mulæ. The only difference in the form of exhibition is, that Greenwich Mean Time is here exclusively adopted instead of Göttingen Mean Time, which was used in the former paper. It will be remembered that the longitude of Göttingen is 0 h 39 m 46 s. 5 East of Greenwich. The nominal time, therefore, of the occurrence of a phenomenon is less in the results now presented than in those of the former paper; or, the position on the curves of the figures 1, 2, 3, &c. for hours of time is more advanced than in the former paper, by 40 m nearly.

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