In this study, a new type of composite beam named flat steel-concrete composite beam is suggested for the rapid development of assembly structure. The experiment of seven flat steel-concrete composite beams and one traditional steel-concrete composite beam are performed to investigate their flexural behaviors. The failure mode of bending-shear fracture for the flat steel-concrete composite beam is found while the traditional steel-concrete composite beam fails by compression-bending fracture. The plane cross-section assumption is applicable to the flat steel-concrete composite beam. Compared with the traditional steel-concrete composite beam, the flat steel-concrete composite beam exhibits higher flexural stiffness, higher moment capacity, and higher ductility capacity. Based on the design theory of the traditional steel-concrete composite beam, simplified models for estimating the flexural stiffness and ultimate moment capacity of the flat steel-concrete composite beam are proposed, and they agree well with test data.