scholarly journals Sampling principles for biodiversity study

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xubin Pan
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Expectation ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
Species Number ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Individual Number ◽  
Species Area ◽  
Biodiversity Study ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
Total Species

Sampling is a fundamental tool in ecology and critical for biodiversity measurement. However, basic principles of biodiversity sampling have been overlooked for many years. In this paper, I proposed and explored five principles of sampling for a specific area and biodiversity study. The first principle of sampling, species increasing with area, is that the number of species increases with the area. The second principle of sampling, individuals increasing with area, is that the number of individuals increases with the area. The third principle of sampling, sum of species number, is that the sum of species number in one area and species number in another area is no less than the total species number in the two areas. The fourth principle of sampling, individual complement, is that the sum of the mathematical expectation of individual number of one or several species in the area a and that of the same one or several species in the area A-a is the total individual number N of the same one or several species in the total area A. The fifth principle of sampling, species-area theory, is that the sum of the mathematical expectation of number of species in the area a and that of number of species lost if area A-a is cleared is the total species number M in the total area A.

Temporal patterns in the macrobenthic communities of the Hawkesbury estuary, New South Wales

1987 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 607
Author(s):  
AR Jones
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Species Number ◽  
Community Patterns ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Physicochemical Factors ◽  
Number Of Individuals

Temporal patterns in number of species, number of individual animals and community composition of the soft-sediment zoobenthos of the Hawkesbury estuary are described and related to physicochemical factors. Replicate grabs were taken at 3-month intervals over 3 years (1977-1979) from sites located in three zones: the lower, middle and upper reaches. The number of species and number of individuals showed significant seasonal and annual differences in all zones. However, the pattern of these differences varied among sites and seasonal differences were not repeatable over years. Similarly, differences in community composition as revealed by classification were not seasonal. In the middle and lower reaches, these differences were apparently caused by the over- riding influence of non-seasonal climatic events, i.e. a major flood in 1978 and a drought throughout 1979. In the first two sampling following the flood, sample values for the numbers of both species and individuals were usually lowest and community composition was distinct from pre-flood and drought times. During the drought, the number of species was usually high and community composition relatively distinct. Whereas the number of species and community composition groupings were both significantly related to river discharge, the number of individuals was significantly correlated with temperature. All community variables were sometimes significantly related to salinity. The identity of numerically dominant species, as determined by Fager rankings, varied among times in both the lower and middle reaches. However, the polychaete Nephtys australiensis and the bivalve mollusc Notospisula trigonella were highest ranked overall in both zones. Community patterns in the low-salinity upper reaches differed from those further downstream by showing little change in numbers of species and community composition following the flood. Only the number of species was significantly correlated with any of the measured physicochemical variables, this being partly due to an influx of species during the drought. Furthermore, the upstream community was always dominated by the polychaete Ceratonereis limnetica and was thus the only community that could be characterised by a single species.

scholarly journals Komunitas Gastropoda Mangrove di Sungai Perpat dan Bunting, Kecamatan Belinyu, Kabupaten Bangka

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Eka Yuliawati ◽  
Budi Afriyansyah ◽  
Nova Mujiono
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Environmental Change ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystem ◽  
Species Number ◽  
Mangrove Area ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystems ◽  
Number Of Individuals

<strong>Mangrove gastropod community in Perpat and Bunting Rivers, Belinyu District, Bangka Regency</strong>. Perpat and Bunting in Bangka Regency have an adequate and natural mangrove ecosystems. However, studies on the structure of the gastropod community in this ecosystem is lacking. This study aimed to discover the structure of the gastropod community in the mangrove ecosystem. This study was carried out from October to November 2019 in riverine mangrove area located in Perpat and Bunting Rivers, District Belinyu, Bangka Regency. Samples were taken from 10 x 10 m plot from six observed stations. A total of 578 individuals of gastropoda were collected, comprised of seven families and 14 species. Number of species ranged from 4 to 9, while number of individuals ranged from 35 to 214. <em>Cerithidea quoyii</em> was a dominant species with 270 individuals (47%) and found in all stations. Gastropods community was in labile condition and prone to environmental change. Species composition of gastropods were similar in both rivers with nine identical species. However, epifaunal species were found separately from arboreal species

scholarly journals Thành phần loài và phân bố của mối từ Quảng Bình đến Huế

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (1S) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Minh Duc ◽  
Bui Thi Lo ◽  
Do Thi Ngoc Anh ◽  
Nguyen Thi My ◽  
Nguyen Van Quang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Species Number ◽  
Primary Forest ◽  
Forest Habitat ◽  
Termite Species ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Central Vietnam ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Total Species ◽  
Comprehensive Study

The result on termite survey from Quang Binh to Thua Thien Hue provinces identified 84 species belonging to 22 genera, 8 subfamilies and 3 families. In comparison with the previous study results, our study newly recorded 27 species and 3 genera in Quang Binh province, two genera in Quang Tri province and six species in Thua Thien Hue province. When we analysed the contribution of termites in different habitats and altitudinal bands, the results showed that the secondary forest habitat has the highest number of species (62 species, accounting for 73.81% of total species number of the studied area), followed by primary forest habitat (41 species, accounting for 48,81%), plantation habitat (34 species, accounting for 40.48%) and resident area with the lowest number of species (23 species, accounting for 27.38%); the number of termite species in the altitudinal band 300-700m is the highest (52 species, accounting for 61.90% of total species number of the studied area), by that in the altitudinal band <300m (41 species, 48.81%), in the altitudinal band 701-1000m (38 species, accounting for 45.23%) and the least is in the altitudinal band > 1000m (21 species, accounting for 25.00%). This is the firstly comprehensive study on composition and distribution of termites in three provinces of Central Vietnam.  

scholarly journals Temporal variations in community structure in and around intertidal barnacle (Chthamalus challengeri Hoek) patches on a plebby shore in Japan

1999 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. APOLINÁRIO
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Intertidal Zone ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
The Other ◽  
Species Number ◽  
First Year ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Upper Intertidal ◽  
Chthamalus Challengeri ◽  
Number Of Individuals

The community structure in and around two barnacle (Chthamalus challengeri Hoek) patches (sites A and B) which extended from the middle to the upper intertidal zone on a pebbly shore in Magarisaki (Amakusa, Kyushu, Japan), was studied during summer and winter of 1995 and 1996. The results show a significant decrease in the proportion of substrate covered by barnacles from January 1995 to July 1996. The number of species, number of individuals, and biomass also decreased in the patch areas through time. There were significant differences between inside and outside the patches for percentage of substrate covered by barnacles, number of individuals, number of species, and biomass during the first year. Numbers of some gastropods were significantly higher in the barnacle patches, suggesting that the presence of barnacles create favorable microhabitat for the other taxa.

Spatial patterns in the macrobenthic communities of the hawkesbury estuary, New South Wales

1986 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 521 ◽  
Author(s):  
AR Jones ◽  
CJ Watson-Russell ◽  
A Murray
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Species Number ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Physicochemical Changes ◽  
Biological Variables ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Physicochemical Factors ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Number Of Individuals

Spatial patterns in the number of species, number of individual animals and community composition of the benthos of the Hawkesbury Estuary, N.S.W., are described and related to physicochemical factors. Replicate grabs were taken from deep and shallow sites located on transects across the estuary for each of five times at intervals of 3 months. The number of species and number of individuals always differed significantly along the estuary but the pattern of difference varied with both depth and time. Although a monotonic decline in the number of species along the estuary never occurred, the two most- seaward transects usually supported the most species and the three furthest-upstream transects the least. The number of species was usually more highly correlated with salinity than with sedimentary variables but salinity correlations were not always significant. The number of individuals was not related to any abiotic variable in a consistent way. Significant depth-related differences occurred only for the number of individuals although the pattern of difference varied among both transects and times. Sediment-associated differences also varied with transect and time. Where consistent differences occurred, highest species numbers were sometimes associated with sand and sometimes with coherent clay. Consequently the species-sediment relationship is not always a simple linear function of grain size and different aspects of sediment structure may be influential. Sediments with greater habitat heterogeneity sometimes supported more species and sometimes fewer species than more uniform sediments. Classification and ordination analyses revealed major patterns in community composition that were most closely related to salinity and minor patterns related to sediment grade. Community changes did not always correspond with physicochemical changes and hence the latter were not always good predictors of biological variables.

Comparing sampling strategies for surf-zone fish communities

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cassiano Monteiro-Neto ◽  
Luana Prestrelo
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Surf Zone ◽  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
Species Number ◽  
Sampling Strategies ◽  
Seasonal Component ◽  
Beach Seine ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Number Of Individuals

Beach seining is used for capturing surf-zone fishes for scientific or fishery purposes. Sampling gear and different sampling approaches pose difficulties for comparative analyses. We compared parallel tows (PT) and beach hauls (BH) using the same beach seine, observing differences in species number (SPUA = number of species m–2), total and relative abundance (CPUA = number of individuals m–2) and average size. ANOVA and PERMANOVA showed that both the number of species and abundance were significantly different between sampling approaches and seasons, with higher values for BH. Most abundant Umbrina coroides showed significant interactions with higher CPUA for PT in summer and Diplodus argenteus for BH from winter to summer. Harengula clupeola and Trachinotus carolinus showed significant differences between sampling strategy with BH capturing more individuals. Trachinotus carolinus and Sardinella brasiliensis both showed differences between seasons with higher CPUA in the summer and autumn respectively. Results suggest that catch structure and composition differ between sampling strategies, but a seasonal component associated with recruitment of one or more species also influenced the catch. The PT appears to be more effective but time consuming. The BH may be an alternative method, but results may not be comparable.

scholarly journals Composition and Distribution of Deep Water Macroalgae Species from the Continental Shelf of Sergipe State, Brazil

Phytotaxa ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 190 (1) ◽  
pp. 250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Maria Barreto Pereira ◽  
JULIANA TORRES ◽  
Lisia Monica de Souza Gestinari
Keyword(s):  
Continental Shelf ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Total Species ◽  
New Occurrences ◽  
Benthic Macroalgae

This study investigates the deep-water flora of the continental shelf in Sergipe State, Brazil located between 10º36’08’’ – 11º21’07’’S and 36º28’10’’ – 37º13’47’’W. The samples were collected by dragging at 18 sampling sites, between 10 to 30 m depth, from May 1999 to March 2000. A total of 91 taxa of marine benthic macroalgae were identified (56 Rhodophyta, 20 Heterokontophyta and 15 Chlorophyta). Forty-seven (47) of these are new occurrences for Sergipe flora. Rhodophyta dominated, accounting for 61% of the total species collected, with the order Ceramiales having the highest number of species present (39.55%), followed by Heterokontophyta (23%), mostly represented by Dictyotales (65%). Finally, 15 Chlorophyta taxa were found (16%), mainly composed of Bryopsidales (53%).

scholarly journals Fish species diversity in headwaters streams of Paraguay and Paraná Basins

2007 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 1033-1042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yzel Rondon Súarez ◽  
Sabrina Bigatão Valério ◽  
Karina Keyla Tondado ◽  
Alexandro Cezar Florentino ◽  
Thiago Rota Alves Felipe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Total Species Richness ◽  
Paraná Basin ◽  
Parana Basin ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
Total Species ◽  
Fish Species Diversity

The influence of spatial, temporal and environmental factors on fish species diversity in headwater streams in Paraguay and Paraná basins, Brazil was examined. A total of 4,605 individuals were sampled, distributed in 60 species. The sampled streams in Paraná basin presented a larger total species richness (42) than Paraguay streams (40). However the estimated richness was larger in Paraguay basin (53) than Paraná streams (50). The streams of Paraná basin had a greater mean species richness and evenness, while more individuals per sample were found in the Paraguay basin. Difference between the sub-basins were found in the Paraguay basin, while for the basin of Paraná, richness and evenness vary significantly between the sub-basins, but the number of individuals varied seasonally. The most important environmental factors to species diversity and abundance were altitude, water temperature, stream width and stream depth for both the basins.

scholarly journals Comparing on site human and video counts at Igarapava fish ladder, south eastern Brazil

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark D. Bowen ◽  
Simone Marques ◽  
Luiz G. M. Silva ◽  
Volney Vono ◽  
Hugo P. Godinho
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
Fish Passage ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Human Observer ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
Prochilodus Lineatus ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Fish Ladder ◽  
Number Of Individuals

On site human observations and video images were collected and compared at the window of the Igarapava Dam fish ladder (IDFL), rio Grande , Southeastern Brazil, between March 1st and June 30th, 2004. We conducted four experiments with two humans (Observer 1 and Observer 2) observing fish passage in the IDFL window while a Sony 3CCD video camera (Observer 3) recorded fish passage at the same time. Experiments, each one hour in length, were distributed throughout the diel cycle using full spectrum lights. We identified fish species, the number of individuals for each species, and the real time that they passed. Counts from each human observer were compared to the video counts. The fish species most commonly observed in the window were - curimba (Prochilodus lineatus), mandi-amarelo (Pimelodus maculatus), piau-três-pintas (Leporinus friderici) and ferreirinha (Leporinus octofasciatus). The number of species and individuals were indistinguishable for the three observers. But, the number of species and individuals were significantly different among experiments. Thus, the three observers register the same number of species and count the same number of individuals even when these two response variables differ significantly among experiments. Based on these results, we concluded that the video count was an accurate method to assess fish passage at the IDFL.

scholarly journals RESPON IKAN KARANG PADA AREA APARTEMEN IKAN DI PERAIRAN TOBOLOLO DAN GAMALAMA KOTA TERNATE

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Aditiyawan Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Coral Fish ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
Total Species

Fish apartment is a management actions to maintain the presence of coral fish that serves as a new habitat well as shelter and spawning. The number of fish apartment at each location is 20 units. The present study aimed at assessment the response of coral fish to the fish apartment based on the species and number of individuals coral fish. Total species found in the area of fish apartment as much as 7 families and 9 species with a total of 241 individual coral fish in the Tobololo, while 12 families and 23 species with a total of 567 individual. Moreover, the juvenile of coral fish is not identified with a size of 2-3 cm, the number of individuals in Tobololo 154 and 275 in Gamalama. The response of coral fish positively to the fish apartment evidenced by an increase in abundance and the percentage of the number and types of coral fish. So that management action with fish apartment approach provides a positive impact on the presence of coral fish as a new habitat and supports the corals juvenile.

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