scholarly journals A retrieved context model of the emotional modulation of memory

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Talmi ◽  
Lynn J. Lohnas ◽  
Nathaniel D. Daw
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Memory ◽  
Temporal Context ◽  
Composition Effect ◽  
Context Model ◽  
Emotional Modulation ◽  
Emotional Information ◽  
Retrieval Processes ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Context Models ◽  
Evolutionary Fitness

AbstractEmotion enhances episodic memory, an effect thought to be an adaptation to prioritise the memories that best serve evolutionary fitness. But viewing this effect largely in terms of prioritising what to encode or consolidate neglects broader rational considerations about what sorts of associations should be formed at encoding, and which should be retrieved later. Although neurobiological investigations have provided many mechanistic clues about how emotional arousal modulates item memory, these effects have not been wholly integrated with the cognitive and computational neuroscience of memory more generally.Here we apply the Context Maintenance and Retrieval Model (CMR, Polyn, Norman & Kahana, 2009) to this problem by extending it to describe the way people may represent and process emotional information. A number of ways to operationalise the effect of emotion were tested. The winning emotional CMR (eCMR) model reconceptualises emotional memory effects as arising from the modulation of a process by which memories become bound to ever-changing temporal and emotional contexts. eCMR provides a good qualitative fit for the emotional list-composition effect and the emotional oddball effect, illuminating how these effects are jointly determined by the interplay of encoding and retrieval processes. eCMR explains the increased advantage of emotional memories in delayed memory tests through the limited ability of retrieval to reinstate the temporal context of encoding.By leveraging the rich tradition of temporal context models, eCMR helps integrate existing effects of emotion and provides a powerful tool to test mechanisms by which emotion affects memory in a broad range of paradigms.

scholarly journals Investigating Associative Learning Effects in Patients with Prodromal Alzheimer’s Disease Using the Temporal Context Model

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 699-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Quenon ◽  
Jean-Jacques Orban de Xivry ◽  
Bernard Hanseeuw ◽  
Adrian Ivanoiu
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Associative Learning ◽  
Recall Task ◽  
Cued Recall ◽  
Temporal Context ◽  
Learning Effects ◽  
Context Model ◽  
Retrieval Processes ◽  
Prodromal Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Contextual Representation

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate associative learning effects in patients with prodromal Alzheimer’s disease (prAD) by referring to the Temporal Context Model (TCM; Howard, Jing, Rao, Provyn, & Datey, 2009), in an attempt to enhance the understanding of their associative memory impairment. TCM explains fundamental effects described in classical free-recall tasks and cued-recall tasks involving overlapping word pairs (e.g., A-B, B-C), namely (1) the contiguity effect, which is the tendency to successively recall nearby items in a list, and (2) the observation of backward (i.e., B-A) and transitive associations (i.e., A-C) between items. In TCM, these effects are hypothesized to rely on contextual representation, binding and retrieval processes, which supposedly depend on hippocampal and parahippocampal regions. As these regions are affected in prAD, the current study investigated whether prAD patients would show reduced proportions of backward and transitive associations in free and cued-recall, coupled to a reduced contiguity effect in free-recall. Seventeen older controls and 17 prAD patients performed a cued-recall task involving overlapping word pairs and a final free-recall task. Proportions of backward and transitive intrusions in cued-recall did not significantly differ between groups. However, in free-recall, prAD patients demonstrated a reduced contiguity effect as well as reduced proportions of backward and transitive associations compared to older controls. These findings are discussed within the hypothesis that the contextual representation, binding and/or retrieval processes are affected in prAD patients compared to healthy older individuals. (JINS, 2015, 21, 699–708)

A generalized temporal context model for classifying image collections

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Boutell ◽  
Jiebo Luo ◽  
Christopher Brown
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Context ◽  
Context Model

Context-Based Scene Understanding

2018 ◽  
pp. 754-773
Author(s):  
Esfandiar Zolghadr ◽  
Borko Furht
Keyword(s):  
Object Detection ◽  
Latent Dirichlet Allocation ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
High Order ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Context Model ◽  
Unified Framework ◽  
Context Models ◽  
Scene Content ◽  
Model Context

Context plays an important role in performance of object detection. There are two popular considerations in building context models for computer vision applications; type of context (semantic, spatial, scale) and scope of the relations (pairwise, high-order). In this paper, a new unified framework is presented that combines multiple sources of context in high-order relations to encode semantical coherence and consistency of the scenes. This framework introduces a new descriptor called context relevance score to model context-based distribution of the response variables and apply it to two distributions. First model incorporates context descriptor along with annotation response into a supervised Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) built on multi-variate Bernoulli distribution called Context-Based LDA (CBLDA). The second model is based on multi-variate Wallenius' non-central Hyper-geometric distribution and is called Wallenius LDA (WLDA). WLDA incorporates context knowledge as bias parameter. Scene context is modeled as a graph and effectively used in object detection framework to maximize semantical consistency of the scene. The graph can also be used in recognition of out-of-context objects. Annotation metadata of Sun397 dataset is used to construct the context model. Performance of the proposed approaches was evaluated on ImageNet dataset. Comparison between proposed approaches and state-of-art multi-class object annotation algorithm shows superiority of presented approach in labeling of scene content.

scholarly journals Remember they were emotional - Effects of emotional qualifiers during sentence processing

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-131
Author(s):  
Scarlett Child ◽  
Alan Garnham ◽  
Jane Oakhill
Keyword(s):  
Sentence Processing ◽  
Emotional Information ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Retrieval Processes ◽  
Emotional Effects

AbstractWe investigated whether emotional information facilitates retrieval and whether it makes representations more salient during sentence processing. Participants were presented with sentences including entities (nouns) that were either bare, with no additional information or that were emotionally or neutrally qualified by means of adjectives. Reading times in different word regions, specifically at the region following the verb where retrieval processes are measurable, were analysed. Qualified representations needed longer time to be build up than bare representations. Also, it was found that the amount of information and the type of information affect sentences processing and more specifically retrieval. In particular, retrieval for emotionally specified representations was faster than that for bare representations.

Manipulation by deliberate failure of communication

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 502-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sol Azuelos-Atias
Keyword(s):  
Social Power ◽  
Relevance Theory ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vicious Circle ◽  
Context Model ◽  
Legal Professionals ◽  
Context Models

This work studies manipulative use of language that can be called “deliberate failure of communication”; I characterize this kind of manipulation and show that it can be found in the discourse of marketing experts and legal professionals. Relying on relevance theory, I show that manipulation of this kind takes advantage of what van Dijk calls the “context model” of the addressees. I exemplify two ways in which the context models of some of the discourse’s participants might be misused in order to manipulate them. One way is exemplified by a text from an advertisement, the other by a text from a criminal court file. I propose, finally, that the analysis supports van Dijk’s view that social, discursive, and epistemic inequalities reproduce one another in a kind of vicious circle. It suggests, in van Dijk’s terms, that manipulation by deliberate failure of communication is a discriminatory use of language employed by elite groups in order to reproduce their social power.

scholarly journals Beyond Fear

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 173-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin S. LaBar
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Emotional Memory ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Emotional Intensity ◽  
Emotional Information ◽  
Significant Life ◽  
Lasting Impression ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
Emotional Events

Neurobiological accounts of emotional memory have been derived largely from animal models investigating the encoding and retention of memories for events that signal threat. This literature has implicated the amygdala, a structure in the brain's temporal lobe, in the learning and consolidation of fear memories. Its role in fear conditioning has been confirmed, but the human amygdala also interacts with cortical regions to mediate other aspects of emotional memory. These include the encoding and consolidation of pleasant and unpleasant arousing events into long-term memory, the narrowing of focus on central emotional information, the retrieval of prior emotional events and contexts, and the subjective experience of recollection and emotional intensity during retrieval. Along with other mechanisms that do not involve the amygdala, these functions ensure that significant life events leave a lasting impression in memory.

scholarly journals Medial prefrontal cortex has a causal role in selectively enhanced consolidation of emotional memories after a 24-hour delay: An iTBS study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Yeh ◽  
Jessica D. Payne ◽  
Sara Y. Kim ◽  
Elizabeth A. Kensinger ◽  
Joshua D. Koen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Medial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Emotional Memory ◽  
Control Site ◽  
Delay Test ◽  
Emotional Information ◽  
Short Delay ◽  
Phase Recognition

AbstractPrevious research points to an association between retrieval-related activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and preservation of emotional information compared to co-occurring neutral information following sleep. Although the role of the mPFC in emotional memory likely begins at encoding, little research has examined how mPFC activity during encoding interacts with consolidation processes to enhance emotional memory. This issue was addressed in the present study using transcranial magnetic stimulation in conjunction with an emotional memory paradigm. Healthy males and females encoded negative and neutral scenes while undergoing concurrent TMS with an intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) protocol. Participants received stimulation to either the mPFC or an active control site (motor cortex) during the encoding phase. Recognition memory for scene components (objects and backgrounds) was assessed after a short (30 minutes) and a long delay (24-hours including a night of sleep) to obtain measures of specific and gist-based memory processes. The results demonstrated that, relative to control stimulation, iTBS to the mPFC enhanced gist, but not specific, memory for negative objects on the long delay test. mPFC stimulation had no discernable effect on gist memory for objects on the short delay test nor on the background images at either test. These results suggest that mPFC activity occurring during encoding interacts with consolidation processes to selectively preserve the gist of negatively salient information.Significance StatementUnderstanding how emotional information is remembered over long delays is critical to understanding memory in the real world. The present study uses transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to investigate the interplay between mPFC activity that occurs during memory encoding and its subsequent interactions with post-encoding consolidation processes. Excitatory TMS delivered to the mPFC during encoding enhanced gist-based memory for negatively valenced pictures on a test following a 24-hr delay, with no such effect on a test occurring shortly after the encoding phase. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that emotional aspects of memories are differentially subjected to consolidation processes, and that the mPFC might contribute to this “tag-and-capture” mechanism during the initial formation of such memories.

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