Sexual dimorphism of synaptonemal complex length in threespine stickleback fish
Crossover frequency often differs substantially between sexes (i.e. heterochiasmy). Although this phenomenon is widespread throughout taxa, the mechanisms that lead to heterochiasmy remain unclear. One pattern that has emerged is that the overall length of the synaptonemal complex likely has a direct influence on the total number of crossovers in each sex. However, this has only been investigated in a handful of species. The threespine stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is an excellent species to explore whether synaptonemal complex length is associated with a difference in the total number of crossovers, as females have longer linkage maps than males. We used immunocytogenetics to quantify synaptonemal complex length in late pachytene female and male meiocytes. We found that females had synaptonemal complexes that were 1.65 times longer than males, which is remarkably similar to the length difference observed in a sex-specific linkage map constructed from a cross between two other populations. Our results support a model where chromosome axis length determines overall crossover frequency and establish the threespine stickleback as a useful species to explore the mechanistic basis of heterochiasmy.