scholarly journals Extreme suction attachment performance from specialised insects living in mountain streams (Diptera: Blephariceridae)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Kang ◽  
Robin T. White ◽  
Simon Chen ◽  
Walter Federle
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Insect ◽  
Mountain Streams ◽  
Underwater Adhesion ◽  
Insect Larva ◽  
Cuticular Structures

AbstractSuction is widely used by animals for strong controllable underwater adhesion but is less well understood than adhesion of terrestrial climbing animals. Here we investigate the attachment of an aquatic insect larva (Blephariceridae), which clings to rocks in torrential streams using the only known muscle-actuated suction organs in insects. We measured their attachment forces on well-defined rough substrates and found their adhesion was much less reduced by micro-roughness than terrestrial climbing insects. In vivo visualisation of the suction organs in contact with microstructured substrates revealed that they can mould around large asperities to form a seal. Moreover, we showed that spine-like microtrichia on the organ are stiff cuticular structures that only make tip contact on smooth and microstructured substrates. Our results highlight the performance and versatility of blepharicerid suction organs and introduce a new study system to explore biological suction.

scholarly journals Extreme suction attachment performance from specialised insects living in mountain streams (Diptera: Blephariceridae)

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Kang ◽  
Robin T White ◽  
Simon Chen ◽  
Walter Federle
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Insect ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
Mountain Streams ◽  
Insect Larvae ◽  
Underwater Adhesion ◽  
Dense Arrays ◽  
Cuticular Structures ◽  
Aquatic Insect Larvae

Suction is widely used by animals for strong controllable underwater adhesion but is less well understood than adhesion of terrestrial climbing animals. Here we investigate the attachment of aquatic insect larvae (Blephariceridae), which cling to rocks in torrential streams using the only known muscle-actuated suction organs in insects. We measured their attachment forces on well-defined rough substrates and found that their adhesion was less reduced by micro-roughness than that of terrestrial climbing insects. In vivo visualisation of the suction organs in contact with microstructured substrates revealed that they can mould around large asperities to form a seal. We have shown that the ventral surface of the suction disc is covered by dense arrays of microtrichia, which are stiff spine-like cuticular structures that only make tip contact. Our results demonstrate the impressive performance and versatility of blepharicerid suction organs and highlight their potential as a study system to explore biological suction mechanisms.

Partitioning and drivers of aquatic-insect beta diversity in mountain streams

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pitágoras da Conceição Bispo ◽  
Ciro C. Zanini Branco ◽  
Marcos Carneiro Novaes ◽  
Lucas S. M. Costa ◽  
Elisa Yokoyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beta Diversity ◽  
Aquatic Insect ◽  
Mountain Streams

Ausfall der Potenz zur Borstenbildung als „Erbmerkmal“ einer Zellkultur von Drosophila melanogaster

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 290-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernst Hadorn
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ground Pattern ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Developmental Factor ◽  
One Year ◽  
Cuticular Structures

The occurrence and the manifestation of a cell line is described which had suddenly and irreversibly lost the potency for forming bristles on any part of the adult cuticle after culturing in vivo over a period of more than one year. On the other hand, it is shown that the cells maintained the capacity for the differentiation of the region-specific ground pattern which consists of hairs and other cuticular structures and which characterize antennae, head parts, legs, wings and the thorax. The aristae are not affected by the change which initiated the bristle-less cell line. Thus it is concluded that the aristae are formations belonging to the ground pattern. A general developmental factor which is indispensible for and common to all bristles regard-less of their organspecific structure is postulated.

scholarly journals Soil and entomopathogenic fungi with potential for biodegradation of insecticides: degradation of flubendiamide in vivo by fungi and in vitro by laccase

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (13) ◽  
pp. 1517-1529 ◽  
Author(s):  
George M. Yada ◽  
Igor S. Shiraishi ◽  
Robert F. H. Dekker ◽  
Jéseka G. Schirmann ◽  
Aneli M. Barbosa-Dekker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Filamentous Fungi ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Anticarsia Gemmatalis ◽  
Insect Muscle ◽  
Solid Media ◽  
Insect Larva

Abstract Purpose Flubendiamide is a highly toxic and persistent insecticide that causes loss of insect muscle functions leading to paralysis and death. The objective was to screen for filamentous fungi in soils where insecticides had been applied, to isolate entomopathogenic fungi from insect larva (Anticarsia gemmatalis) that infest soybean crops, and to use these in biodegradation of insecticides. Method Filamentous fungi were isolated from soils, and growth inhibition was evaluated on solid medium containing commercial insecticides, Belt® (flubendiamide) and Actara® (thiamethoxam). A total of 133 fungi were isolated from soil and 80 entomopathogenic fungi from insect larva. Based on growth inhibition tests, ten soil fungi, 2 entomopathogenic fungi, and Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB-05 (reference standard) were selected for growth on commercial insecticides in solid media. Fungi were grown in submerged fermentation on media containing commercial insecticides and assayed for laccase activity. Result Isolates JUSOLCL039 (soil), JUANT070 (insect), and MAMB-05 performed best, and were respectively inhibited by 48.41%, 75.97%, and 79.23% when cultivated on 35 g/L Actara®, and 0.0, 5.42%, and 43.39% on 39.04 g/L Belt®. JUSOLCL039 and JUANT070 were molecularly identified as Trichoderma koningiopsis and Neurospora sp., respectively. The three fungal isolates produced laccase constitutively, albeit at low activities. Fungal growth on pure flubendiamide and thiamethoxam resulted in only thiamethoxam inducing high laccase titers (10.16 U/mL) by JUANT070. Neurospora sp. and B. rhodina degraded flubendiamide by 27.4% and 9.5% in vivo, while a crude laccase from B. rhodina degraded flubendiamide by 20.2% in vitro. Conclusion This is the first report of fungi capable of degrading flubendiamide, which have applications in bioremediation.

Aquatic insect β-diversity is not dependent on elevation in Southern Rocky Mountain streams

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel A. Harrington ◽  
N. LeRoy Poff ◽  
Boris C. Kondratieff
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Insect ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Mountain Streams ◽  
Β Diversity ◽  
Southern Rocky Mountain ◽  
Rocky Mountain Streams

Fine Structural Changes in the Microvasculature of the Mouse Pinna: Aging and Radiation Injury

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 54-55
Author(s):  
S. Phyllis Steamer ◽  
Rosemarie L. Devine
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Radiation Treatment ◽  
Arterial Stenosis ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Vascular Effects ◽  
Microvascular Changes ◽  
Surrounding Connective Tissue ◽  
Fission Neutrons ◽  
Total Body

The importance of radiation damage to the skin and its vasculature was recognized by the early radiologists. In more recent studies, vascular effects were shown to involve the endothelium as well as the surrounding connective tissue. Microvascular changes in the mouse pinna were studied in vivo and recorded photographically over a period of 12-18 months. Radiation treatment at 110 days of age was total body exposure to either 240 rad fission neutrons or 855 rad 60Co gamma rays. After in vivo observations in control and irradiated mice, animals were sacrificed for examination of changes in vascular fine structure. Vessels were selected from regions of specific interest that had been identified on photomicrographs. Prominent ultrastructural changes can be attributed to aging as well as to radiation treatment. Of principal concern were determinations of ultrastructural changes associated with venous dilatations, segmental arterial stenosis and tortuosities of both veins and arteries, effects that had been identified on the basis of light microscopic observations. Tortuosities and irregularly dilated vein segments were related to both aging and radiation changes but arterial stenosis was observed only in irradiated animals.

Induction and Differentiation of Dental Epithelium in Vivo and in Vitro

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 142-145
Author(s):  
E. J. Kollar
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Oral Mucosa ◽  
Basal Lamina ◽  
Functional Derivatives ◽  
Specific Source ◽  
Dental Epithelium ◽  
Connective Tissue Stroma

The differentiation and maintenance of many specialized epithelial structures are dependent on the underlying connective tissue stroma and on an intact basal lamina. These requirements are especially stringent in the development and maintenance of the skin and oral mucosa. The keratinization patterns of thin or thick cornified layers as well as the appearance of specialized functional derivatives such as hair and teeth can be correlated with the specific source of stroma which supports these differentiated expressions.

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