scholarly journals Inseparable color and form in mouse visual cortex described by random pooling from rods and cones

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Issac Rhim ◽  
Ian Nauhaus
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Frequency Tuning ◽  
Green Light ◽  
Brightness Contrast ◽  
Color Contrast ◽  
V1 Neurons ◽  
Rods And Cones ◽  
Spatial Frequencies ◽  
Mouse Visual Cortex ◽  
Minimal Constraints

An image projected onto the retina is composed of local contrasts in color and brightness, both of which can aid in any visual perception task. Recent investigations of the mouse ventral retina demonstrate that rod and cone responses are combined to detect changes between UV and green light, thus providing a new model for color vision. An important question is how the spatial representations of both color and brightness contrast are transformed by downstream circuits. Its known that SF tuning of brightness contrast is sharpened at the level of mouse primary visual cortex, yet color contrast is untested. Here, we presented sinewave gratings that drive one of four axes of rod and cone contrast space, including brightness contrast (rod+cone) and color contrast (rod-cone). We find that V1 neurons are tuned to higher spatial frequencies of brightness contrast than color contrast, and are most responsive to color at the lowest spatial frequencies. These results are consistent with a model of single-opponency between rods and cones, but do not match its classic description. The data can instead be described by a simple model of convergent ON and OFF inputs to V1, which randomly pool discrete quantities of each photoreceptor class. Unlike classic depictions of single-opponency, this model requires minimal constraints on the circuit, accounts for our observed bandpass spatial frequency tuning of rod and cone isolating contrast, and is consistent with recent studies showing unselective pooling from photoreceptors in the retina.

scholarly journals Model-based characterization of the selectivity of neurons in primary visual cortex

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Bartsch ◽  
Bruce G Cumming ◽  
Daniel A Butts
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Frequency Tuning ◽  
Nonlinear Models ◽  
Field Size ◽  
V1 Neurons ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Spatial Frequencies

To understand the complexity of stimulus selectivity in primary visual cortex (V1), models constructed to match observed responses to complex time-varying stimuli, instead of to explain responses to simple parametric stimuli, are increasingly used. While such models often can more accurately reflect the computations performed by V1 neurons in more natural visual environments, they do not by themselves provide insight into established measures of V1 neural selectivity such as receptive field size, spatial frequency tuning and phase invariance. Here, we suggest a series of analyses that can be directly applied to encoding models to link complex encoding models to more interpretable aspects of stimulus selectivity, applied to nonlinear models of V1 neurons recorded in awake macaque in response to random bar stimuli. In linking model properties to more classical measurements, we demonstrate several novel aspects of V1 selectivity not available to simpler experimental measurements. For example, we find that individual spatiotemporal elements of the V1 models often have a smaller spatial scale than the overall neuron sensitivity, and that this results in non-trivial tuning to spatial frequencies. Additionally, our proposed measures of nonlinear integration suggest that more classical classifications of V1 neurons into simple versus complex cells are spatial-frequency dependent. In total, rather than obfuscate classical characterizations of V1 neurons, model-based characterizations offer a means to more fully understand their selectivity, and provide a means to link their classical tuning properties to their roles in more complex, natural, visual processing.

scholarly journals Emergent orientation selectivity from random networks in mouse visual cortex

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.J. Pattadkal ◽  
G. Mato ◽  
C. van Vreeswijk ◽  
N. J. Priebe ◽  
D. Hansel
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Calcium Imaging ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Orientation Selectivity ◽  
Random Networks ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
V1 Neurons ◽  
Mouse Visual Cortex ◽  
Whole Cell Recordings ◽  
Random Connectivity

SummaryWe study the connectivity principles underlying the emergence of orientation selectivity in primary visual cortex (V1) of mammals lacking an orientation map. We present a computational model in which random connectivity gives rise to orientation selectivity that matches experimental observations. It predicts that mouse V1 neurons should exhibit intricate receptive fields in the two-dimensional frequency domain, causing shift in orientation preferences with spatial frequency. We find evidence for these features in mouse V1 using calcium imaging and intracellular whole cell recordings.

scholarly journals Variations in photoreceptor throughput to mouse visual cortex and the unique effects on tuning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Rhim ◽  
G. Coello-Reyes ◽  
I. Nauhaus
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Adaptive Filtering ◽  
Frequency Tuning ◽  
Cortical Circuits ◽  
Spatial Frequency Tuning ◽  
Upper Visual Field ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Mouse Visual Cortex ◽  
Common Laboratory

ABSTRACTVisual input to primary visual cortex (V1) depends on highly adaptive filtering in the retina. In turn, isolation of V1 computations to study cortical circuits requires control over retinal adaption and its corresponding spatio-temporal-chromatic output. Here, we first measure the balance of input to V1 from the three main photoreceptor opsins – M-opsin, S-opsin, and rhodopsin – as a function of light adaption and retinotopy. Results show that V1 is rod-mediated in common laboratory settings, yet cone-mediated in natural daylight, as evidenced by exclusive sensitivity to UV wavelengths via cone S-opsin in the upper visual field. Next, we show that cone-mediated V1 responds to 2.5-fold higher temporal frequencies than rod-mediated V1. Furthermore, cone-mediated V1 has smaller RFs, yet similar spatial frequency tuning. V1 responses in rod-deficient (Gnat1−/−) mice confirm that the effects are due to differences in photoreceptor contribution. This study provides foundation for using mouse V1 to study cortical circuits.

scholarly journals Short-term plasticity of the human adult visual cortex measured with 7T BOLD

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Binda ◽  
Jan W. Kurzawski ◽  
Claudia Lunghi ◽  
Laura Biagi ◽  
Michela Tosetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Frequency Tuning ◽  
Ocular Dominance ◽  
Monocular Deprivation ◽  
Homeostatic Plasticity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Parvocellular Pathway ◽  
Human Adult ◽  
Spatial Frequencies ◽  
Ventral Pathway

AbstractVisual cortex, particularly V1, is considered to be resilient to plastic changes in adults. In particular, ocular dominance is assumed to be hard-wired after the end of the critical period. We show that short-term (2h) monocular deprivation in adult humans boosts the BOLD response to the deprived eye, changing ocular dominance of V1 vertices, consistently with homeostatic plasticity. The boost is strongest in V1, present in V2, V3 & V4 but absent in V3a and MT. Assessment of spatial frequency tuning in V1 by a population Receptive-Field technique shows that deprivation primarily boosts high spatial frequencies, consistent with a primary involvement of the parvocellular pathway. Crucially, the V1 deprivation effect correlates across participants with the perceptual increase of the deprived eye dominance assessed with binocular rivalry, suggesting a common origin. Our results demonstrate that visual cortex, particularly the ventral pathway, retains a high potential for homeostatic plasticity in the human adult.

scholarly journals Sensory prediction errors increase coding efficiency in mouse visual cortex through gain amplification

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Tang ◽  
Ehsan Kheradpezhouh ◽  
Conrad Lee ◽  
J Dickinson ◽  
Jason Mattingley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
V1 Neurons ◽  
Coding Efficiency ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Future Events ◽  
Mouse Visual Cortex ◽  
Sensory Prediction

Abstract The efficiency of sensory coding is affected both by past events (adaptation) and by expectation of future events (prediction). Here we employed a novel visual stimulus paradigm to determine whether expectation influences orientation selectivity in the primary visual cortex. We used two-photon calcium imaging (GCaMP6f) in awake mice viewing visual stimuli with different levels of predictability. The stimuli consisted of sequences of grating stimuli that randomly shifted in orientation or systematically rotated with occasionally unexpected rotations. At the single neuron and population level, there was significantly enhanced orientation-selective response to unexpected visual stimuli through a boost in gain, which was prominent in awake mice but also present to a lesser extent under anesthesia. We implemented a computational model to demonstrate how neuronal responses were best characterized when adaptation and expectation parameters were combined. Our results demonstrated that adaptation and prediction have unique signatures on activity of V1 neurons.

scholarly journals Dynamics of spatial frequency tuning in mouse visual cortex

2012 ◽  
Vol 107 (11) ◽  
pp. 2937-2949 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samme Vreysen ◽  
Bin Zhang ◽  
Yuzo M. Chino ◽  
Lutgarde Arckens ◽  
Gert Van den Bergh
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Frequency Tuning ◽  
Neuronal Response ◽  
Correlation Technique ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Temporal Shift ◽  
Spatial Frequency Tuning ◽  
Spatial Frequencies

Neuronal spatial frequency tuning in primary visual cortex (V1) substantially changes over time. In both primates and cats, a shift of the neuron's preferred spatial frequency has been observed from low frequencies early in the response to higher frequencies later in the response. In most cases, this shift is accompanied by a decreased tuning bandwidth. Recently, the mouse has gained attention as a suitable animal model to study the basic mechanisms of visual information processing, demonstrating similarities in basic neuronal response properties between rodents and highly visual mammals. Here we report the results of extracellular single-unit recordings in the anesthetized mouse where we analyzed the dynamics of spatial frequency tuning in V1 and the lateromedial area LM within the lateral extrastriate area V2L. We used a reverse-correlation technique to demonstrate that, as in monkeys and cats, the preferred spatial frequency of mouse V1 neurons shifted from low to higher frequencies later in the response. However, this was not correlated with a clear selectivity increase or enhanced suppression of responses to low spatial frequencies. These results suggest that the neuronal connections responsible for the temporal shift in spatial frequency tuning may considerably differ between mice and monkeys.

scholarly journals Contralateral Bias of High Spatial Frequency Tuning and Cardinal Direction Selectivity in Mouse Visual Cortex

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (42) ◽  
pp. 10125-10138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirstie J. Salinas ◽  
Dario X. Figueroa Velez ◽  
Jack H. Zeitoun ◽  
Hyungtae Kim ◽  
Sunil P. Gandhi
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Frequency Tuning ◽  
High Spatial Frequency ◽  
Direction Selectivity ◽  
Spatial Frequency Tuning ◽  
Cardinal Direction ◽  
Mouse Visual Cortex

Spatial Frequency-Specific Contrast Adaptation Originates in the Primary Visual Cortex

2007 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thang Duong ◽  
Ralph D. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Frequency Tuning ◽  
Adaptation Effect ◽  
Tuning Curves ◽  
Contrast Adaptation ◽  
Spatial Frequencies ◽  
Neurophysiological Studies ◽  
High Contrast Grating ◽  
Adaptation Effects

Adaptation to a high-contrast grating stimulus causes reduced sensitivity to subsequent presentation of a visual stimulus with similar spatial characteristics. This behavioral finding has been attributed by neurophysiological studies to processes within the visual cortex. However, some evidence indicates that contrast adaptation phenomena are also found in early visual pathways. Adaptation effects have been reported in retina and lateral geniculation nucleus (LGN). It is possible that these early pathways could be the physiological origin of the cortical adaptation effect. To study this, we recorded from single neurons in the cat's LGN. We find that contrast adaptation in the LGN, unlike that in the visual cortex, is not spatial frequency specific, i.e., adaptation effects apply to a broad range of spatial frequencies. In addition, aside from the amplitude attenuation, the shape of spatial frequency tuning curves of LGN cells is not affected by contrast adaptation. Again, these findings are unlike those found for cells in the visual cortex. Together, these results demonstrate that pattern specific contrast adaptation is a cortical process.

scholarly journals Developmental dynamics of cross-modality in mouse visual cortex

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryoma Hattori ◽  
Takao K Hensch
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Orientation Selectivity ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
V1 Neurons ◽  
Auditory Responses ◽  
Functional Maturation ◽  
Dark Exposure ◽  
Genetic Deletion ◽  
Mouse Visual Cortex ◽  
Developmental Dynamics

SUMMARYMaturation of GABAergic circuits in primary visual cortex (V1) opens a critical period (CP), a developmental window of enhanced plasticity for visual functions. However, how inhibition promotes the plasticity remains unclear. Here, we investigated the developmental dynamics of auditory responses and audiovisual interactions in mouse V1. Modulation of V1 spiking activity by a transient sound was temporally dynamic with alternating enhancement and suppression phases. When paired with grating visual stimuli, sound-driven spike enhancement and suppression were weaker and stronger with preferred orientation than with non-preferred orientations, respectively, leading to impaired net orientation selectivity in V1 neurons. Strikingly, the net orientation selectivity was impervious to sound specifically during the CP due to equal total amounts of sound-driven spike enhancements and suppressions. This balance of spike modulations at the CP was achieved by the preferential maturation of sound-driven spike suppression. However, further maturation of sound-driven spike enhancement broke the balance after the CP. Spectral analysis of field potentials revealed the enhancement of a GABA-mediated sound-driven power suppression specifically at CP. Reduction of inhibition by 10-day dark-exposure or genetic deletion of GAD65 gene dampened sound-driven spike suppression in V1. Furthermore, acute suppression of either parvalbumin-expressing (PV) or somatostatinexpressing (SST) neurons suggested their early or late recruitments by sound, respectively. Our results point to the dampened net non-visual sensory influence as one of the functional roles of GABA circuit maturation during a developmental CP. The insensitivity of visual selectivity to sound during the CP may promote functional maturation of V1 as visual cortex.

scholarly journals Feature selectivity explains mismatch signals in mouse visual cortex

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomaso Muzzu ◽  
Aman B. Saleem
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Prediction Error ◽  
Predictive Coding ◽  
Sensory Experience ◽  
V1 Neurons ◽  
Visual Flow ◽  
Feature Selectivity ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mouse Visual Cortex ◽  
Self Motion

Sensory experience is often dependent on one’s own actions, including self-motion. Theories of predictive coding postulate that actions are regulated by calculating prediction error, which is the difference between sensory experience and expectation based on self-generated actions. Signals consistent with prediction error have been reported in mouse visual cortex (V1) when visual flow coupled to running is unexpectedly perturbed. Here, we show that such signals can be elicited by visual stimuli uncoupled with the animal’s running. We recorded the activity of mouse V1 neurons while presenting drifting gratings that unexpectedly stopped. We found strong responses to visual perturbations, which were enhanced during running. If these perturbation responses are signals about sensorimotor mismatch, they should be largest for front-to-back visual flow expected from the animals’ running. Responses, however, did not show a bias for front-to-back visual flow. Instead, perturbation responses were strongest in the preferred orientation of individual neurons and perturbation responsive neurons were more likely to prefer slow visual speeds. Our results therefore indicate that prediction error signals can be explained by the convergence of known motor and sensory signals in visual cortex, providing a purely sensory and motor explanation for purported mismatch signals.

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