scholarly journals Complementary population codes in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus during associative learning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy S Biane ◽  
Max A Ladow ◽  
Fabio Stefanini ◽  
Sayi P Boddu ◽  
Austin Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Associative Learning ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Ventral Hippocampus ◽  
Associative Memories ◽  
Outcome Valence ◽  
Population Codes ◽  
Internal States ◽  
Stimulus Identity ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
External Stimuli

Memories are multifaceted and layered, incorporating external stimuli and internal states, and at multiple levels of resolution. Although the hippocampus is essential for memory, it remains unclear if distinct aspects of experience are encoded within different hippocampal subnetworks during learning. By tracking the same dCA1 or vCA1 neurons across cue-outcome learning, we find detailed and externally based (stimulus identity) representations in dCA1, and broad and internally based (stimulus relevance) signals in vCA1 that emerge with learning. These dorsoventral differences were observed regardless of cue modality or outcome valence, and representations within each region were largely stable for days after learning. These results identify how the hippocampus encodes associative memories, and show that hippocampal ensembles not only link experiences, but also imbue relationships with meaning and highlight behaviorally relevant information. Together, these complementary dynamics across hippocampal subnetworks allow for rich, diverse representation of experiences.

Improving Self-Awareness and Self-Insight

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Klimoski ◽  
Xiaoxiao Hu
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Work Organization ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Interpersonal Competence ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
The Core ◽  
Internal States ◽  
Self Knowledge ◽  
Level Of Understanding ◽  
The Voice

This chapter is designed to review the multiple ways that one can improve one’s capacity to seek or generate self-relevant information (self-knowledge) and ways to promote regular self-awareness and (occasional) self-insight. Self-insight generally implies the level of understanding that exists relative to the nature of one’s self-system (self-definition, needs, goals, attributes), while self-knowledge relates to the accuracy of introspection about these internal states and capacities. These are thought to be at the core of interpersonal competence, a capability absolutely essential in today’s work organization. While the “voice” of the chapter is that aimed at informing the human resources professional or practitioner, the material covered would be useful to individuals who are personally motivated to know more about how they might become more effective interpersonally through efforts at improving self-knowledge and self-insight.

Emergence of Optimal Decoding of Population Codes Through STDP

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 1371-1407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Habenschuss ◽  
Helmut Puhr ◽  
Wolfgang Maass
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Network Motif ◽  
Generative Models ◽  
Homeostatic Plasticity ◽  
Learning Rules ◽  
Population Codes ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Optimal Decoding

The brain faces the problem of inferring reliable hidden causes from large populations of noisy neurons, for example, the direction of a moving object from spikes in area MT. It is known that a theoretically optimal likelihood decoding could be carried out by simple linear readout neurons if weights of synaptic connections were set to certain values that depend on the tuning functions of sensory neurons. We show here that such theoretically optimal readout weights emerge autonomously through STDP in conjunction with lateral inhibition between readout neurons. In particular, we identify a class of optimal STDP learning rules with homeostatic plasticity, for which the autonomous emergence of optimal readouts can be explained on the basis of a rigorous learning theory. This theory shows that the network motif we consider approximates expectation-maximization for creating internal generative models for hidden causes of high-dimensional spike inputs. Notably, we find that this optimal functionality can be well approximated by a variety of STDP rules beyond those predicted by theory. Furthermore, we show that this learning process is very stable and automatically adjusts weights to changes in the number of readout neurons, the tuning functions of sensory neurons, and the statistics of external stimuli.

scholarly journals Distracting stimuli evoke ventral tegmental area responses in rats during ongoing saccharin consumption

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Z Peters ◽  
Andrew M J Young ◽  
James E McCutcheon
Keyword(s):  
Ventral Tegmental Area ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Internal States ◽  
Licking Behaviour ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions ◽  
Ventral Tegmental ◽  
Adaptive Behaviours ◽  
External Stimuli

AbstractDisruptions in attention, salience and increased distractibility are implicated in multiple psychiatric conditions. The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a potential site for converging information about external stimuli and internal states to be integrated and guide adaptive behaviours. Given the dual role of dopamine signals in both driving ongoing behaviours (e.g. feeding) and monitoring salient environmental stimuli, understanding the interaction between these functions is crucial. Here we investigate VTA neuronal activity during distraction from ongoing feeding. We developed a task to assess distraction exploiting self-paced licking in rats. Rats trained to lick for saccharin were given a distraction test, in which three consecutive licks within 1 second triggered a random distractor (e.g. light and tone stimulus). On each trial they were quantified as distracted or not based on the length of their pauses in licking behaviour. We expressed GCaMP6s in VTA neurons and used fibre photometry to record calcium fluctuations during this task as a proxy for neuronal activity. Distractor stimuli caused rats to interrupt their consumption of saccharin, a behavioural effect which quickly habituated with repeat testing. VTA neural activity showed consistent increases to distractor presentations and, furthermore, these responses were greater on distracted trials compared to non-distracted trials. Interestingly, neural responses show a slower habituation than behaviour with consistent VTA responses seen to distractors even after they are no longer distracting. These data highlight the complex role of the VTA in maintaining ongoing appetitive and consummatory behaviours while also monitoring the environment for salient stimuli.

scholarly journals A GPCR negative feedback loop underlies efficient coding of external stimuli

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rotem Ruach ◽  
Shai Yellinek ◽  
Eyal Itskovits ◽  
Alon Zaslaver
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Feedback Inhibition ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Complex Stimulus ◽  
Response Dynamics ◽  
Calcium Dependent ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
External Stimuli

AbstractEfficient navigation based on chemical cues is an essential feature shared by all animals. These cues may be encountered in complex spatio-temporal patterns and with orders of magnitude varying intensities. Nevertheless, sensory neurons accurately extract the relevant information from such perplexing signals. Here, we show how a single sensory neuron in C. elegans worms can cell-autonomously encode complex stimulus patterns composed of instantaneous sharp changes and of slowly-changing continuous gradients. This encoding relies on a simple negative feedback in the GPCR signaling pathway in which TAX-6/Calcineurin plays a key role in mediating the feedback inhibition. Crucially, this negative feedback pathway supports several important coding features that underlie an efficient navigation strategy, including exact adaptation and adaptation to the magnitude of the gradient’s first derivative. A simple mathematical model accurately captured the fine neural dynamics of both wt and tax-6 mutant animals, further highlighting how the calcium-dependent activity of TAX-6/Calcineurin dictates GPCR inhibition and response dynamics. As GPCRs are ubiquitously expressed in all sensory neurons, this mechanism may be a universal solution for efficient cell-autonomous coding of external stimuli.

Development of a Structural Health Monitoring Methodology in Reinforced Concrete Structures Using FBGs and Pattern Recognition Techniques

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra Amaya ◽  
Joham Alvarez-Montoya ◽  
Julián Sierra-Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Structural Health Monitoring ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Structural Engineering ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Fiber Optic Sensor ◽  
Structure Damage ◽  
Structural Health ◽  
External Stimuli

Abstract Structural health monitoring (SHM) is a branch of structural engineering which seeks for the development of monitoring systems that provide relevant information of any alteration that may occur in an engineering structure. This work presents the implementation of an SHM methodology in a prototype structure made of reinforced concrete by using fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs), a type of fiber optic sensor capable of measuring strain and temperature changes due to external stimuli. The SHM system includes an interrogation device and signal processing algorithms which are intended to study the physical variations on the FBGs measurements in order to detect anomalies in the structure promoted by a damage occurrence. The structure prototype is a porticoed structure which contains 48 embedded sensors: 32 of them are destinated for the strain measurement and are located in both columns and beams of the structure, 16 are temperature sensors which have been embedded for thermal compensation. Strain datasets for both pristine and damaged conditions were obtained for the structure while it was excited with a mechanical shaker which induced dynamic loading conditions resembling earthquakes. By using classification algorithms based on pattern recognition, it is intended to process the datasets with the aim of reaching the first level of SHM in the structure (damage detection).

Amygdala neuronal ensembles dynamically encode behavioral states

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Gründemann ◽  
Yael Bitterman ◽  
Tingjia Lu ◽  
Sabine Krabbe ◽  
Benjamin F. Grewe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal State ◽  
Relative Activity ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Basal Nucleus ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Internal States ◽  
Behavioral States ◽  
Sensory Responses ◽  
Motivated Behaviors ◽  
External Stimuli

AbstractInternal states, including affective or homeostatic states, are important behavioral motivators. The amygdala is a key brain region involved in the regulation of motivated behaviors, yet how distinct internal states are represented in amygdala circuits is unknown. Here, by imaging somatic neural calcium dynamics in freely moving mice, we identify changes in the relative activity levels of two major, non-overlapping populations of principal neurons in the basal nucleus of the amygdala (BA) that predict switches between exploratory and non-exploratory (defensive, anxiety-like) behavioral states across different environments. Moreover, the amygdala widely broadcasts internal state information via several output pathways to larger brain networks, and sensory responses in BA occur independently of behavioral state encoding. Thus, the brain processes external stimuli and internal states in an orthogonal manner, which may facilitate rapid and flexible selection of appropriate, state-dependent behavioral responses.

scholarly journals Mapping Facial Expression to Internal States Based on Intuitive Parenting

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayako Watanabe ◽  
◽  
Masaki Ogino ◽  
Minoru Asada ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Emotional Facial Expressions ◽  
Sympathetic Response ◽  
Maternal Scaffolding ◽  
Internal States ◽  
Intuitive Parenting ◽  
External Stimuli

Sympathy is a key issue in interaction and communication between robots and their users. In developmental psychology, intuitive parenting is considered the maternal scaffolding upon which children develop sympathy when caregivers mimic or exaggerate the child’s emotional facial expressions [1]. We model human intuitive parenting using a robot that associates a caregiver’s mimicked or exaggerated facial expressions with the robot’s internal state to learn a sympathetic response. The internal state space and facial expressions are defined using psychological studies and change dynamically in response to external stimuli. After learning, the robot responds to the caregiver’s internal state by observing human facial expressions. The robot then expresses its own internal state facially if synchronization evokes a response to the caregiver’s internal state.

scholarly journals “Helping you to pay us”: Rapport management in debt collection call centre encounters

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leigh Harrington
Keyword(s):  
Relevant Information ◽  
Call Centre ◽  
Call Centres ◽  
Rapport Management ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Debt Collection ◽  
Linguistic Behaviour

Abstract This paper investigates the rapport management (Spencer-Oatey 2005) that collections agents at a UK-based utilities company call centre are expected to perform during debt collection telephone interactions. It examines the rapport-relevant information communicated in the textual materials, including training manuals, through which a prescribed debt collection style is implemented. The analysis reveals that there are tensions in the rapport-concerns that collectors must attend to when using the style. Collectors are instructed to perform potentially face-threatening behaviours in order to collect debt, whilst simultaneously engaging in linguistic behaviour that may be interpreted as face-enhancing and which functions to develop rapport with the debtor. It is suggested that the local deployment of this contradictory “helping you to pay us” philosophy is problematic on multiple levels and may give rise to relational tensions between collectors and debtors who have conflicting expectations about rapport management entitlements. In turn, this may contribute to a culture of sanctioned face-attacks in call centres (Archer and Jagodziński 2015). Therefore, I suggest that call centres may need to loosen the synecdochical hold they have over their employees, thereby affording them the flexibility and volition to cope with the complex face demands, unpredictability and potential volatility of debt collection encounters.

Internal states or external stimuli: Observers' attitude judgments and the dissonance-theory-self-persuasion controversy

1968 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell A Jones ◽  
Darwyn E Linder ◽  
Charles A Kiesler ◽  
Mark Zanna ◽  
Jack W Brehm
Keyword(s):  
Internal States ◽  
Dissonance Theory ◽  
External Stimuli

scholarly journals The role of associative learning in healthy and sustainable food evaluations: an event- related potential study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pin-Jane Chen ◽  
Carol Coricelli ◽  
Sinem Kaya ◽  
Raffaella I Rumiati ◽  
Francesco Foroni
Keyword(s):  
Associative Learning ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Implicit Associations ◽  
Processed Foods ◽  
N400 Effect ◽  
Minimally Processed ◽  
Sustainable Food

Individuals in industrialized societies frequently include processed foods in their diet. However, overconsumption of heavily-processed foods leads to imbalanced calorie intakes as well as negative health consequences and environmental impacts. In the present study, normal-weight healthy individuals were recruited in order to test whether associative learning (Evaluative Conditioning, EC) could strengthen the association between food-types (minimally-processed and heavily-processed foods) and concepts (e.g., healthiness), and whether these changes would be reflected at the implicit associations, at the explicit ratings and in behavioral choices. A semantic congruency task with Electroencephalography recordings was used to examine the neural signature of newly acquired food. The accuracy after EC towards minimally-processed food (MP-food) in the SC task significantly increased, indicating strengthened associations between MP-food and the concept of healthiness through EC. At neural level, a more negative amplitude of the N400 waveform, which reflects semantic incongruency, was shown in response to MP-foods paired with the concept of unhealthiness in proximity of the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). This implied the possible role of the left DLPFC in changing food representations by integrating stimuli’s features with existing food-relevant information. Finally, the N400 effect was modulated by individuals’ attentional impulsivity as well as restrained eating behavior.

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