scholarly journals Non-uniform distribution of dendritic nonlinearities differentially engages thalamostriatal and corticostriatal inputs onto cholinergic interneurons

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osnat Oz ◽  
Lior Matityahu ◽  
Aviv Mizrahi-Kliger ◽  
Alexander Kaplan ◽  
Noa Berkowitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uniform Distribution ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Cholinergic Interneurons ◽  
Corticostriatal Inputs ◽  
Membrane Resonance ◽  
Afferent Inputs ◽  
Cortical Inputs ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
Afferent Terminals

The tonic activity of striatal cholinergic interneurons (CINs) is modified differentially by their afferent inputs. Although their unitary synaptic currents are identical, cortical inputs onto distal dendrites only weakly entrain CINs, whereas proximal thalamic inputs trigger abrupt pauses in discharge in response to salient external stimuli. To test whether the dendritic expression of the active conductances that drive autonomous discharge contribute to the CINs' capacity to dissociate cortical from thalamic inputs, we used an optogenetics-based method to quantify dendritic excitability. We found that the persistent sodium (NaP) current gave rise to dendritic boosting and that the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) current gave rise to a subhertz membrane resonance. This resonance may underlie our novel finding of an association between CIN pauses and internally-generated slow wave events in sleeping non-human primates. Moreover, our method indicated that dendritic NaP and HCN currents were preferentially expressed in proximal dendrites. We validated this non-uniform distribution with two-photon imaging of dendritic back-propagating action potentials, and by demonstrating boosting of thalamic, but not cortical, inputs by NaP currents. Thus, the localization of active dendritic conductances in CIN dendrites mirrors the spatial distribution of afferent terminals and may promote their differential responses to thalamic vs. cortical inputs.

scholarly journals Parafascicular Thalamic and Orbitofrontal Cortical Inputs to Striatum Represent States for Goal-Directed Action Selection

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandy Stayte ◽  
Amolika Dhungana ◽  
Bryce Vissel ◽  
Laura A. Bradfield
Keyword(s):  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Action Selection ◽  
Parafascicular Nucleus ◽  
Cholinergic Interneurons ◽  
Directed Action ◽  
Cortical Inputs ◽  
Partially Observable ◽  
State Context ◽  
Anatomical Evidence

Several lines of evidence accrued over the last 5–10 years have converged to suggest that the parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus and the lateral orbitofrontal cortex each represent or contribute to internal state/context representations that guide action selection in partially observable task situations. In rodents, inactivations of each structure have been found to selectively impair performance in paradigms testing goal-directed action selection, but only when that action selection relies on state representations. Electrophysiological evidence has suggested that each structure achieves this function via inputs onto cholinergic interneurons (CINs) in the dorsomedial striatum. Here, we briefly review these studies, then point to anatomical evidence regarding the afferents of each structure and what they suggest about the specific features that each contribute to internal state representations. Finally, we speculate as to whether this role might be achieved interdependently through direct PF→OFC projections, or through the convergence of independent direct orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus (PF) inputs onto striatal targets.

scholarly journals Widely Different Correlation Patterns Between Pairs of Adjacent Thalamic Neurons In vivo

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Wahlbom ◽  
Hannes Mogensen ◽  
Henrik Jörntell
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Thalamic Nuclei ◽  
Thalamic Neurons ◽  
Low Weight ◽  
Afferent Inputs ◽  
Cortical Inputs ◽  
Unique Relationship ◽  
Spike Firing

We have previously reported different spike firing correlation patterns among pairs of adjacent pyramidal neurons within the same layer of S1 cortex in vivo, which was argued to suggest that acquired synaptic weight modifications would tend to differentiate adjacent cortical neurons despite them having access to near-identical afferent inputs. Here we made simultaneous single-electrode loose patch-clamp recordings from 14 pairs of adjacent neurons in the lateral thalamus of the ketamine-xylazine anesthetized rat in vivo to study the correlation patterns in their spike firing. As the synapses on thalamic neurons are dominated by a high number of low weight cortical inputs, which would be expected to be shared for two adjacent neurons, and as far as thalamic neurons have homogenous membrane physiology and spike generation, they would be expected to have overall similar spike firing and therefore also correlation patterns. However, we find that across a variety of thalamic nuclei the correlation patterns between pairs of adjacent thalamic neurons vary widely. The findings suggest that the connectivity and cellular physiology of the thalamocortical circuitry, in contrast to what would be expected from a straightforward interpretation of corticothalamic maps and uniform intrinsic cellular neurophysiology, has been shaped by learning to the extent that each pair of thalamic neuron has a unique relationship in their spike firing activity.

Structure-function relationships in rat brain stem subnucleus interpolaris. VIII. Cortical inputs

1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Jacquin ◽  
M. R. Wiegand ◽  
W. E. Renehan
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Barrel Cortex ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Anterograde Tracers ◽  
Single Unit Recordings ◽  
Afferent Inputs ◽  
Cortical Inputs ◽  
Pentobarbital Sodium Anesthesia ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris Leucoagglutinin

1. Spinal trigeminal (SpV) subnucleus interpolaris (SpVi) receives inputs from trigeminal (V) first- and second-order neurons, monoamine-containing brain stem nuclei, and somatosensory cortex. Prior studies suggest that SpVi receptive-field (RF) properties cannot be predicted solely on the basis of primary afferent inputs. To assess the cortico-V projection and its role in SpVi RFs, anatomic and electrophysiological experiments were conducted. 2. Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) or wheat-germ-agglutinized horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) were used as anterograde tracers to study cortico-V axons in 24 normal adult rats. Injections into SI barrel cortex-labeled pyramidal fibers that decussated at all levels of the V brain stem complex, though crossing fibers were most numerous in the pyramidal decussation and pons. A small number of axons projected to ipsilateral V brain stem subnuclei. PHA-L-labeled pyramidal fibers did not give rise to collaterals in their descent through the pons and medulla. 3. Heaviest terminal labeling occurred contralaterally and in the maxillary portion of caudalis laminae III-V. Moderately dense reaction product was seen in ventral portions of all other contralateral V brain stem subnuclei, as well as in laminae I and II of caudalis. Subnucleus oralis contained the least amount of label contralateral to the injection site. Ipsilateral projections were weak and most dense in principalis. 4. Cortico-V projections were topographic between matching whisker representations. Axons most commonly had longitudinal orientations and stringy shapes. Terminal boutons occurred at the ends of short collateral branches. Many of these collaterals were derived from axons that ascended through caudal V brian stem subnuclei after crossing in the lower medulla. 5. Cortico-V labeling was heavier in septal regions between single whisker representations. This “honeycomb-like” termination pattern was most pronounced in contralateral caudalis and SpVi and ipsilateral principalis. 6. In 13 other adult rats, right SI cortex was aspirated followed by single-unit recordings in left SpVi under pentobarbital sodium anesthesia. In 9 of these, chronic effects were evaluated by recording the responses of 346 left SpVi cells 4-55 days after the lesion. In the remaining four rats, acute effects were analyzed by recording the responses of 190 SpVi cells on the day of the lesion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Nervous control of heart rate: activity in the cardiac vagus of the dogfish

1982 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 1330-1335 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. W. Taylor ◽  
P. J. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Sympathetic Innervation ◽  
Nervous Control ◽  
Temporal Relationships ◽  
Maximum Water ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
Neurophysiological Basis ◽  
Stimulation Of

In the absence of any sympathetic innervation to the heart, nervous control of heart rate in the dogfish is solely attributable to inhibitory parasympathetic input from the vagus nerve. Action potentials can be recorded from the cardiac vagus of the dogfish following its exposure in the anterior cardinal sinus. The rates of heartbeat and ventilation, blood pressure, hematocrit, and responses to external stimuli such as hypoxia, which include a bradycardia, remained typical of fish with their nervous and circulatory systems virtually intact. The recordings included sporadically active units that accelerated during hypoxia, possibly inducing the bradycardia, and regular bursts of action potentials synchronous with ventilatory movements that appeared to arise reflexly from stimulation of pharyngeal proprioceptors. These bursts may loosely couple the respiratory and cardiac pumps, increasing the probability of concurrence between periods of maximum water and blood flow. The preparation enables detailed study of the temporal relationships between the pumps and its neurophysiological basis.

A Computational Model of How Cholinergic Interneurons Protect Striatal-dependent Learning

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1549-1566 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Gregory Ashby ◽  
Matthew J. Crossley
Keyword(s):  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Inhibitory Influence ◽  
Single Cell Recording ◽  
Cholinergic Interneurons ◽  
Tonically Active Neurons ◽  
Cell Recording ◽  
Output Neurons ◽  
Cortical Inputs ◽  
Dependent Learning

An essential component of skill acquisition is learning the environmental conditions in which that skill is relevant. This article proposes and tests a neurobiologically detailed theory of how such learning is mediated. The theory assumes that a key component of this learning is provided by the cholinergic interneurons in the striatum known as tonically active neurons (TANs). The TANs are assumed to exert a tonic inhibitory influence over cortical inputs to the striatum that prevents the execution of any striatal-dependent actions. The TANs learn to pause in rewarding environments, and this pause releases the striatal output neurons from this inhibitory effect, thereby facilitating the learning and expression of striatal-dependent behaviors. When rewards are no longer available, the TANs cease to pause, which protects striatal learning from decay. A computational version of this theory accounts for a variety of single-cell recording data and some classic behavioral phenomena, including fast reacquisition after extinction.

Two-Photon Excitation of Potentiometric Probes Enables Optical Recording of Action Potentials From Mammalian Nerve Terminals In Situ

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 1545-1553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan A. N. Fisher ◽  
Jonathan R. Barchi ◽  
Cristin G. Welle ◽  
Gi-Ho Kim ◽  
Paul Kosterin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Optical Recording ◽  
Photon Absorption ◽  
Nerve Terminals ◽  
Electrode Arrays ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Photon Excitation ◽  
Mammalian Nerve ◽  
Two Photon Excitation

We report the first optical recordings of action potentials, in single trials, from one or a few (∼1–2 μm) mammalian nerve terminals in an intact in vitro preparation, the mouse neurohypophysis. The measurements used two-photon excitation along the “blue” edge of the two-photon absorption spectrum of di-3-ANEPPDHQ (a fluorescent voltage-sensitive naphthyl styryl-pyridinium dye), and epifluorescence detection, a configuration that is critical for noninvasive recording of electrical activity from intact brains. Single-trial recordings of action potentials exhibited signal-to-noise ratios of ∼5:1 and fractional fluorescence changes of up to ∼10%. This method, by virtue of its optical sectioning capability, deep tissue penetration, and efficient epifluorescence detection, offers clear advantages over linear, as well as other nonlinear optical techniques used to monitor voltage changes in localized neuronal regions, and provides an alternative to invasive electrode arrays for studying neuronal systems in vivo.

scholarly journals Two-Photon Na+ Imaging Reports Somatically Evoked Action Potentials in Rat Olfactory Bulb Mitral and Granule Cell Neurites

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiffany Ona-Jodar ◽  
Niklas J. Gerkau ◽  
S. Sara Aghvami ◽  
Christine R. Rose ◽  
Veronica Egger
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Granule Cell ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Two Photon

scholarly journals Cellular resolution circuit mapping with temporal-focused excitation of soma-targeted channelrhodopsin

eLife ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher A Baker ◽  
Yishai M Elyada ◽  
Andres Parra ◽  
M McLean Bolton
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Single Neuron ◽  
Synaptic Connectivity ◽  
Electrophysiological Recording ◽  
Synaptic Connections ◽  
Spike Generation ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Cellular Resolution ◽  
Temporal Focusing ◽  
Imaging Plane

We describe refinements in optogenetic methods for circuit mapping that enable measurements of functional synaptic connectivity with single-neuron resolution. By expanding a two-photon beam in the imaging plane using the temporal focusing method and restricting channelrhodopsin to the soma and proximal dendrites, we are able to reliably evoke action potentials in individual neurons, verify spike generation with GCaMP6s, and determine the presence or absence of synaptic connections with patch-clamp electrophysiological recording.

Organization of Corticostriatal Motor Inputs in Monkey Putamen

2002 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 1830-1842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsushi Nambu ◽  
Katsuyuki Kaneda ◽  
Hironobu Tokuno ◽  
Masahiko Takada
Keyword(s):  
Macaca Fuscata ◽  
Distal Part ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Proximal Part ◽  
Single Neurons ◽  
Neuronal Responses ◽  
Somatotopic Organization ◽  
Corticostriatal Inputs ◽  
Cortical Inputs

To analyze the organization of corticostriatal motor inputs, we examined the neuronal responses in the putamen (Put) to stimulation in the primary motor cortex (MI) and the supplementary motor area (SMA). Stimulating electrodes were chronically implanted in the distal and proximal parts of the forelimb representation of the MI and in the forelimb representation of the SMA in Japanese monkeys ( Macaca fuscata). Stimulation in the MI and SMA evoked orthodromic spike discharges in both phasically active and tonically active Put neurons. The latency of excitation evoked by MI stimulation was shorter than that of excitation evoked by SMA stimulation. Neurons responding exclusively to MI stimulation (MI-recipient neurons) and those responding exclusively to SMA stimulation (SMA-recipient neurons) were distributed predominantly in the ventrolateral and dorsomedial portion of the caudal aspect of the Put, respectively. About 20% of the recorded neurons responded concurrently to stimulation in both the MI and SMA (MI + SMA-recipient neurons). These neurons were located in the intermediate zone between the MI- and SMA-recipient zones. More than half of the Put neurons responded to sensorimotor stimulation. Movements of the forelimb were readily elicited by microstimulation in the MI-recipient zone, less frequently in the MI + SMA-recipient zone, and rarely in the SMA-recipient zone. More detailed analysis of the somatotopic arrangement based on cortical inputs, sensorimotor responses, and microstimulation-evoked movements revealed that within the MI- and MI + SMA-recipient zones of the Put, neurons representing the distal part of the forelimb were located more ventrally than those representing the proximal part. No such somatotopy was clearly detected in the SMA-recipient zone. The present results indicate that corticostriatal inputs from the forelimb regions of the MI and SMA are largely segregated. On the other hand, convergent inputs from the MI and SMA were noted on single neurons located at the junction between the two input zones. In addition, the corticostriatal inputs from the forelimb region of the MI exhibited a distal to proximal somatotopic organization along the ventrodorsal axis of the Put.

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