Taghayyur as a Theoretical Basis of Muslim and Non-Muslim Relations at the Nahdlatul Ulama's Bahthul Masa'il

This study discusses the history of fatwas on Muslim-Non-Muslim relations issued by the Bahthul Masa'il Institute (LBM) of Nahdlatul Ulama from 1926 to 2019. This research is a type of qualitative research focused on studying LBM written materials. The perspective used is the Study of Religion with a theoretical analysis from Joachim Wach regarding the forms of expression of religious experience, especially in the sociological form. This study finds that, historically, NU issued fatwas by considering such sociological aspects that taghayyur (law change) method is used in law enforcement. By adhering to this principle, NU has formulated fatwas to maintain Muslim-non-Muslim relations under the umbrella of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. In this regard, NU argues that non-Muslims in Indonesia cannot be categorized in terms of the infidel in the nation-state because non-Muslim citizens in the nation-state context are not second-class citizens as contained in the concept of infidel with various types. The implication is the increasing quality of inter-religious relations that are increasingly harmonious in a plural society.الملخص :تناقش هذه الدراسة تاريخ الفتاوى حول العلاقات بين المسلمين وغير المسلمين الصادرة عن معهد بهتول المسائل (LBM) لتابع لنهضة العلماء من عام 1926 إلى عام 2019. هذا البحث هو نوع من البحث النوعي الذي يركز على دراسة المواد المكتوبة من قبل LBM. المنظور المستخدم هو دراسة الدين مع تحليل نظري من Joachim Wachفيما يتعلق بأشكال التعبير عن التجربة الدينية ، وخاصة في الشكل الاجتماعي. توصلت هذه الدراسة إلى أنه تاريخياً ، أصدرت جامعة النيل فتاوى من خلال النظر في الجوانب الاجتماعية ، وبالتالي استخدام طريقة التغايور )تغيير القانون (في إنفاذ القانون. بالالتزام بهذا المبدأ ، قامت NU بصياغة فتاوى للحفاظ على العلاقات بين المسلمين وغير المسلمين تحت مظلة الدولة الموحدة لجمهورية إندونيسيا. في هذا الصدد ، يجادل NU بأنه لا يمكن تصنيف غير المسلمين في إندونيسيا من حيث الكفار في الدولة القومية لأن المواطنين غير المسلمين في سياق الدولة القومية ليسوا مواطنين من الدرجة الثانية كما هو وارد في مفهوم الكفر. بأنواع مختلفة. المعنى الضمني هو الجودة المتزايدة للعلاقات بين الأديان التي تزداد انسجامًا في مجتمع تعددي.Abstrak: Penelitian ini membahas riwayat fatwa hubungan Muslim-Non-Muslim yang dikeluarkan oleh Lembaga Bahthul Masa'il (LBM) Nahdlatul Ulama dari tahun 1926 hingga 2019. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian kualitatif yang difokuskan untuk mengkaji bahan tertulis LBM. Perspektif yang digunakan adalah kajian agama dengan analisis teori dari Joachim Wach mengenai bentuk-bentuk ekspresi pengalaman beragama, terutama dalam bentuk sosiologis. Studi ini menemukan bahwa dalam sejarahnya, NU mengeluarkan fatwa dengan mempertimbangkan aspek sosiologis, sehingga memakai metode taghayyur (perubahan hukum) dalam penegakan hukum. Dengan berpegang pada prinsip ini, NU telah merumuskan fatwa-fatwa untuk menjaga hubungan Muslim-non-Muslim di bawah payung Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia. Dalam kaitan ini, NU berpendapat bahwa non-Muslim di Indonesia tidak dapat dikategorikan dalam istilah kafir dalam negara-bangsa karena warga negara non-Muslim dalam konteks negara-bangsa bukanlah warga kelas dua sebagaimana termuat dalam konsep kafir dengan berbagai jenisnya. Implikasinya adalah meningkatnya kualitas hubungan antar umat beragama yang semakin harmonis di masyarakat plural.

Estimation of Life Expectancy for Dependent Population in a Multi-State Context

Population statistics show that there was an increase in life expectancy during the last century. However, this fact hides that this increase was not equal for all groups of the population. One of the most problematic cases for measuring this increase is that of the dependent population because of the absence of specific statistics. This paper describes a methodology for calculating life expectancy using multistate models that take into account the diversity of situations considered by Spanish legislation. For this purpose, statistical information contained in the national survey on disability and dependency (EDAD 2008) is used. The results suggest that life expectancies are lower than those of the general population and that they differ according to gender and intensity of suffering from this contingency. The calculations were made considering the legal framework currently existing in Spain. This fact conditions the definition of dependent person and, therefore, the set of individuals, their characteristics, and therefore, their final results.

Developing of keystroke dynamics analyzing systems using a presentation based on state contexts

This aim of the article is to discusses the main static and dynamic user identification methods by keystroke dynamics. As part of the research, a generalized way of representing the process of typing on the keyboard based on the sequential change of the keyboard state was proposed. The definition of the keyboard state context, which is the basis for the dynamic identification procedure, is formulated. The proposed approach will make it possible to apply a variety of static identification methods, significantly expanding the set of methods used for dynamic user identification by keystroke dynamics.

Principal approaches to the classification of science in national, international, and European law. Part II. Subject (industry) classification. Classification by other criteria

Part II of the article deals with the approaches of modern legal sustems to the subject-matter (disciplinary) classification of science, as well as with the additional classification criteria such as mode of financing of scientific research and its importance for State and society which are employed in several legal systems.Basing on practical examples, author demonstrates that, despite the equivalence of the main classification criteria, the modern law lack uniform approaches to subject-matter (disciplinary) classification of science. This state of play characterizes both inter-state context (different scientific disciplines in different legal systems) and intra-state context (different approaches in different legal sources of the same country).Author concludes in favour of consideration of a legal recognition as a specific category of scientific research those conducted by means of megascience-facilities. The above-mentioned category can be further divided into subcategories corresponding to various types of megascience-facilities such as light-sources and neutron sources.

Candidate Preference, State Context, and Voter Turnout: Comparing Non-Voters and Voters in the 2016 Presidential Election

While much attention has been paid to understanding the drivers of support for Donald Trump, less focus has been placed on understanding the factors that led individuals to turn out and vote or stay home. This paper compares non-voters and voters in the 2016 election and explores how self-reported candidate preference prior to the election predicted turnout across three different state contexts: (1) all states, (2) closely contested states won by Trump, and (3) closely contested states won by Clinton. We find that preference for both candidates predicted turnout in the aggregate (all states) and in closely contested states won by Clinton, but only preference for Trump predicted turnout in the closely contested states won by Trump. Moreover, we find that political interest is negatively associated with preference for Clinton when examining candidate preferences among non-voters. Our analysis suggests that non-voters in the 2016 election held meaningful candidate preferences that impacted voter turnout but that state context played an important role in this relationship. This study sheds light on an understudied component of the 2016 election, the attitudes and behavior of non-voters, as well as points to the importance of incorporating contextual variation in future work on electoral behavior and voter turnout.

Analysing Appreciating and Criticizing in Standard Arabic: When Morphology Supports Syntax

This paper provides a minimalist (Chomsky 2000, 2001) investigation to a syntactic phenomenon slightly analysed in syntactic research on Standard Arabic (SA) literature of poetry (TaqiAldin 1987). This syntactic phenomenon is derived by a construction of a wh-in situ phrase embedded in a construct state phrase (WICS, henceforth). The novelty about this SA WICS phenomenon is that the entity expressed by the wh-phrase is ambiguously assigned two pragmatic values: med? (appreciating) and hid?a? (criticizing). Holding in abeyance with the idea that SA is frozen, having not developed for decades, this research sets a comparative exploration between SA and Saudi variety of Arabic (SDA). It is shown that SDA syntax-pragmatics interface is straightforward. SDA displays WICS, which derives hid?a?, in addition to displaying wh-ex situ phenomenon, which derives med?. In comparison, SA syntax is restricted to WICS phenomenon, which predicts that in construct state context, SA only derives hid?a?, hence, the ambiguity. With minimalist investigation to further articulated structure in the SA data under analysis, the research concludes that the instance of SA WICS is an occurrence of med?, rather than hid?a?. Evidence for this conclusion is based on the observation that, though the occurrence of SA WICS is associated with lack of movement of the wh-phrase, it is simultaneously associated with a wide-scope of the discourse marker wa, which functions as a pragmatic device assigning speaker positive attitude pragmatic value to the proposition. That is to say, SA grammar requires morphology to support syntax with a morphological device when the latter falls short to activate syntactic operations like movement for med? interpretation.

Parafascicular Thalamic and Orbitofrontal Cortical Inputs to Striatum Represent States for Goal-Directed Action Selection

Several lines of evidence accrued over the last 5–10 years have converged to suggest that the parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus and the lateral orbitofrontal cortex each represent or contribute to internal state/context representations that guide action selection in partially observable task situations. In rodents, inactivations of each structure have been found to selectively impair performance in paradigms testing goal-directed action selection, but only when that action selection relies on state representations. Electrophysiological evidence has suggested that each structure achieves this function via inputs onto cholinergic interneurons (CINs) in the dorsomedial striatum. Here, we briefly review these studies, then point to anatomical evidence regarding the afferents of each structure and what they suggest about the specific features that each contribute to internal state representations. Finally, we speculate as to whether this role might be achieved interdependently through direct PF→OFC projections, or through the convergence of independent direct orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus (PF) inputs onto striatal targets.

Motherhood 2.0: Slow Progress for Career Women and Motherhood within the ‘Finnish Dream’

This article investigates the gendered dynamics of motherhood and careers, as voiced by professionals in the knowledge-intensive business sector in Finland. It is informed by the CIAR method through 81 iterative, in-depth interviews with 23 women and 19 men. Among the women respondents with no children, one child, or two children, three dominant forms of discursive talk emerge: ‘It takes two to tango’, ‘It’s all about time management’ and ‘Good motherhood 2.0’. Though Finland provides a seemingly egalitarian Nordic welfare state context, with the ‘Finnish Dream’, women face contradictions between expectations of women as full-time ideal workers pursuing masculinist careers and continuing responsibilities at home, performing ‘good motherhood’. The women’s double strivings meet the double constraining demands of these ideals. The gendered pressures are imposed on the women by themselves, male colleagues, the organisation more broadly and society, leading the women to enact a form of ‘bounded individualism’.

Managing expectations by projecting the future school: Observing the Nordic future school reports via temporal topologies

This study focuses on the politics of time in education by analysing ‘The Future School’ reports published by Nordic state authorities between 2010 and 2015. Building on a system-theoretical understanding of social time, steering and second-order observations, we investigate how temporal political communication frames the future of Nordic basic education. By applying semantic analysis, we identified four temporal topologies according to which these reports deal with the future: (a) calculated futures based on future projections with numbers; (b) unpredictable futures based on future projections contrasting learning with adaptivity; (c) technology-determined futures; and (d) personalised futures based on child well-being. Whereas these topologies constitute a shared semantical base for discussing the future of school education, a comparison of the reports also reveals differences and paradoxes between the temporal topologies in the Nordic welfare state context.