The Average Energy Required to Produce an Ion Pair in Xenon with 0.16A X-Rays

1941 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 852-856
Author(s):  
N. L. Walbridge
Keyword(s):  
Average Energy ◽  
Ion Pair ◽  
X Rays

National primary standard of air kerma, air kerma rate, exposure, exposure rate and energy flux for X-rays and gamma radiation GET 8-2019

2020 ◽  
pp. 8-12
Author(s):  
Alexandr V. Oborin ◽  
Anna Y. Villevalde ◽  
Sergey G. Trofimchuk
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Radiation ◽  
Energy Flux ◽  
Primary Standard ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Ion Pair ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Exposure Rate ◽  
Ionization Chambers ◽  
Air Kerma ◽  
Air Kerma Rate

The results of development of the national primary standard of air kerma, air kerma rate, exposure, exposure rate and energy flux for X-rays and gamma radiation GET 8-2011 in 2019 are presented according to the recommendations of the ICRU Report No. 90 “Key Data for Ionizing-Radiation Dosimetry: Measurement Standards and Applications”. The following changes are made to the equations for the units determination with the standard: in the field of X-rays, new correction coefficients of the free-air ionization chambers are introduced and the relative standard uncertainty of the average energy to create an ion pair in air is changed; in the field of gamma radiation, the product of the average energy to create an ion pair in air and the electron stopping-power graphite to air ratio for the cavity ionization chambers is changed. More accurate values of the units reproduced by GET 8-2019 are obtained and new metrological characteristics of the standard are stated.

Absolute Measurement of Average Energy lost by Very Soft X-rays per Ion Pair in Air

Nature ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 190 (4772) ◽  
pp. 249-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. RAJEWSKY ◽  
D. LANG
Keyword(s):  
Average Energy ◽  
Absolute Measurement ◽  
Ion Pair ◽  
X Rays

Absolute Calibration of Photoelectric Diodes

1975 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 597-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Day ◽  
E. J. T. Burns
Keyword(s):  
Energy Range ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Ion Pair ◽  
Absolute Calibration ◽  
Tube System ◽  
X Ray

Photoelectric diodes with aluminum photocathod.es have been calibrated in the energy range from 0.1 keV to 1 keV with a multielement Henke X-ray tube system using regenerative monochromatic filters. The calibration is performed at six energies: (1) Be - (0.109 keV) , (2) C - Kα (0.277 keV), (3) Ti – Lα1, 2 (0.452 keV) , (4) Fe – Lα1, 2 (0.705 keV), (5) Cu – Lα1, 2 (0.930 keV), and (6) Al – Kαl, 2 (1.487 keV). Several different 99.9%, (1000 series) aluminum foils were calibrated for use as cathodes. In addition, the average energy per electron ion pair, W, has been measured for methane at these same energies.

Alpha-Particle Ionization in Pure Gases and the Average Energy to Make an Ion Pair

1953 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 1120-1121 ◽  
Author(s):  
William P. Jesse ◽  
John Sadauskis
Keyword(s):  
Alpha Particle ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Ion Pair

Ionization of liquid argon by X-rays: -value

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (22) ◽  
pp. 4286-4288 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. V. Klassen ◽  
Werner F. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Liquid Argon ◽  
Ion Pair ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Dose Rates

Liquid argon at 87 °K was irradiated with 1.5 MeV X-rays. Saturation currents were achieved at low dose rates. The energy required to produce an ion pair [Formula: see text] was found to be 22.5 ± 3 eV, which is similar to the gas phase value.

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