PK-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy is a powerful method for analyzing the electronic structure of organic and inorganic phosphorus compounds. Like all XANES experiments, PK-edge XANES requires well defined and readily accessible calibration standards for energy referencing so that spectra collected at different beamlines or under different conditions can be compared. This is especially true for ligandK-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy, which has well established energy calibration standards for Cl (Cs2CuCl4) and S (Na2S2O3·5H2O), but not neighboring P. This paper presents a review of common PK-edge XANES energy calibration standards and analysis of PPh4Br as a potential alternative. The PK-edge XANES region of commercially available PPh4Br revealed a single, highly resolved pre-edge feature with a maximum at 2146.96 eV. PPh4Br also showed no evidence of photodecomposition when repeatedly scanned over the course of several days. In contrast, we found that PPh3rapidly decomposes under identical conditions. Density functional theory calculations performed on PPh3and PPh4+revealed large differences in the molecular orbital energies that were ascribed to differences in the phosphorus oxidation state (IIIversusV) and molecular charge (neutralversus+1). Time-dependent density functional theory calculations corroborated the experimental data and allowed the spectral features to be assigned. The first pre-edge feature in the PK-edge XANES spectrum of PPh4Br was assigned to P 1s → P-C π* transitions, whereas those at higher energy were P 1s → P-C σ*. Overall, the analysis suggests that PPh4Br is an excellent alternative to other solid energy calibration standards commonly used in PK-edge XANES experiments.
Polarization-dependent Bulk-sensitive Valence Band Photoemission Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory Calculations: Part III. 5d Transition Metals
