The Kondo effect in a quantum dot is discussed. In the standard Coulomb blockade setting, tunneling between the dot and the leads is weak, the number of electrons in the dot is well-defined and discrete; the Kondo effect may be considered in the framework of the conventional one-level Anderson impurity model. It turns out however, that the Kondo temperature TK in the case of weak tunneling is extremely low. In the opposite case of almost reflectionless single-mode junctions connecting the dot to the leads, the average charge of the dot is not discrete. Surprisingly, its spin may remain quantized: s=1/2 or s=0, depending (periodically) on the gate voltage. Such a "spin-charge separation" occurs because, unlike an Anderson impurity, a quantum dot carries a broad-band, dense spectrum of discrete levels. In the doublet state, the Kondo effect develops with a significantly enhanced TK. Like in the weak-tunneling regime, the enhanced TK exhibits strong mesoscopic fluctuations. The statistics of the fluctuations is universal, and related to the Porter-Thomas statistics of the wave function fluctuations.
Kondo effect and Josephson current through a quantum dot between two superconductors
