This paper argues for the use of landmarks (for example, traffic lights, churches, petrol
stations) within the turn-by-turn visual and voice directions given by in-vehicle navigation
systems. Such prominent features of the driving environment are consistent with basic
human navigational strategies, are valued by drivers, and have been shown significantly to
improve the usability of electronic in-car navigational aids. For future systems actively to
include such information, it is critical that (a) only ‘good’ landmarks are used, (b) such
landmarks are presented to the driver in the most appropriate way, and (c) the practical
needs of industry are fully accounted for.
