In order to develop wireless sensor networks, which are defined by the IEEE 802.15.4 specification, researchers are considering low-power wide-area networks (LPWAN) due to their advantages of being long range, low power, low cost, and highly mobile. The issue of mobility is covered in the IEEE 802.15.4g standard for supporting a smart utility network (SUN), which is mainly controlled by orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation. In a high mobility scenario, inter-carrier interference is a primary factor in reducing the performance of OFDM transmissions due to the destruction of the subcarrier component’s orthogonality. This paper analyzes the mobility effect in multi-rate multi-regional orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (MR-OFDM) for low-power wide-area networks in general, and the SUN MR-OFDM system in particular. As mentioned in standard 802.15.4 2015, IEEE 802.15.4g MR-OFDM is one of the low-power wide-area (LPWA) technologies in which energy optimization problems are of first priority. We are especially interested in simple technologies that provide high efficiency. Therefore, we propose a highly adaptive method that uses the cyclic prefix to mitigate the mobility effect in real time. At a symbol frames interval of 120 us, the Doppler shift effect from the mobility of the MR-OFDM system adapted smoothly. This is not the best method to mitigate Doppler shift but it is a simple method that suits the LPWA network. The proposed scheme clearly simulated the mobility of the MR-OFDM system, and had the advantage of using a cyclic-prefix with a bit error rate performance through Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and the Rician channel of Matlab.
A distributed multicast routing algorithm for real-time applications in wide area networks
