In vivo and In vitro Differences in the Charge-injection and Electrochemical Properties of Iridium Oxide Electrodes

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart F. Cogan
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Properties ◽  
Charge Injection ◽  
Iridium Oxide ◽  
Oxide Electrodes

scholarly journals Corrosion Study of Implanted Tin Electrodes Using Excessive Electrical Stimulation in Minipigs

Metals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzan Meijs ◽  
Kristian Rechendorff ◽  
Søren Sørensen ◽  
Nico Rijkhoff
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Charge Injection ◽  
The Other ◽  
Electrochemical Tests ◽  
Implanted Electrodes ◽  
Electrode Degradation ◽  
Lower Charge

(1) Background: Titanium nitride (TiN) electrodes have been used for implantable stimulation and sensing electrodes for decades. Nevertheless, there still is a discrepancy between the in vitro and in vivo determined safe charge injection limits. This study investigated the consequences of pulsing implanted electrodes beyond the in vivo safe charge injection limits. (2) Methods: The electrodes were implanted for a month and then pulsed at 20 mA and 50 mA and 200 Hz and 400 Hz. Afterwards, the electrodes were investigated using electrochemical and analytical methods to evaluate whether electrode degradation had occurred. (3) Results: Electrochemical tests showed that electrodes that pulsed at 20 mA and 200 Hz (lowest electrical dose) had a significantly lower charge injection capacity and higher impedance than the other used and unused electrodes. (4) Conclusions: The electrodes pulsed at the lowest electrical dose, for which no tissue damage was found, appeared to have degraded. Electrodes pulsed at higher electrical doses for which tissue damage did occur, on the other hand, show no significant degradation in electrochemical tests compared to unused implanted and not implanted electrodes. It is thus clear that the tissue surrounding the electrode has an influence on the charge injection properties of the electrodes and vice versa.

scholarly journals In Vivo and In Vitro Comparison of the Charge Injection Capacity of Platinum Macroelectrodes

2015 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 849-857 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald T. Leung ◽  
Mohit N. Shivdasani ◽  
David A. X. Nayagam ◽  
Robert K. Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Charge Injection

scholarly journals Electrochemical properties of titanium nitride nerve stimulation electrodes: an in vitro and in vivo study

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzan Meijs ◽  
Morten Fjorback ◽  
Carina Jensen ◽  
Søren Sørensen ◽  
Kristian Rechendorff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Nitride ◽  
Electrochemical Properties ◽  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
In Vivo Study

Induction and Differentiation of Dental Epithelium in Vivo and in Vitro

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 142-145
Author(s):  
E. J. Kollar
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Oral Mucosa ◽  
Basal Lamina ◽  
Functional Derivatives ◽  
Specific Source ◽  
Dental Epithelium ◽  
Connective Tissue Stroma

The differentiation and maintenance of many specialized epithelial structures are dependent on the underlying connective tissue stroma and on an intact basal lamina. These requirements are especially stringent in the development and maintenance of the skin and oral mucosa. The keratinization patterns of thin or thick cornified layers as well as the appearance of specialized functional derivatives such as hair and teeth can be correlated with the specific source of stroma which supports these differentiated expressions.

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