Confined Disposal Program for Polluted Maintenance Dredging in the Great Lakes

Dredging operations are often needed for the improvement of a channel and/or harbour area. Unavoidably the water resources close to the dredging site will be contaminated to some degree. This paper initially presents the main feature and operation methods of new-work dredging and of maintenance dredging. The former comprises the improvement (i.e. deepening or widening) of a channel and/or harbour area mainly by removing stones and compacted sediments which were deposited through geologic ages. The latter is employed mainly to remove the loose sediments which tend to fill up previously excavated channels and harbours. The clamshell dredge, the dipper dredge, the pipeline dredge, and the hopper dredge, are four common types of dredges that are used for river and harbour excavation by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Their functions, operations, and cost data, are indicated.In general only the sediments excavated from maintenance dredging operations are polluted with obnoxious or toxic contaminants that are detrimental to the land, air, and water, environment. The sources of pollution that are associated with the channel and harbour sediments may be categorized as being from municipal and industrial discharge, storm-runoff, agricultural runoff, soil erosion, and accidental spills.Typical dredged materials from Ashtabula and Fairport Harbors in Ohio were collected and analyzed for investigation. It was found that the sediments varied widely, in their physical and chemical characteristics, between harbours and even at different locations within each harbour. Nevertheless, the pollutants in the dredged materials of a specific harbour (or channel) can be generally characterized. Settleability of the dredging samples was investigated in detail. It was observed that oil and grease and heavy-metals were intimately associated with sediments and could be removed with settlement of solids.The current dredging practices in the U.S.A. includes the disposal of dredged materials in open sea, open lake, along-shore diked areas, off-shore diked areas, abandoned strip-mine areas, and other disposal sites. Due to the excellent settleability of the dredged materials, it is desirable that the polluted dredgings be stored on a disposal site for some time prior to any treatment. A disposal area can be used to create new land if satisfactory fill is produced. The satisfactory fill can be the non-polluted dredged materials from the new-work dredging operations, or well-treated sediments from maintenance dredging operations. The treated sediments or particles should be free from oil and grease, from toxic heavy-metals, and from any substances which are putrescent, deleterious, or odorous. They should not cause any organic decomposition or ground-water contamination.The dredged materials can be separated into the sediment and the supernatant water (i.e., spoil) by settling. From the dredging-settling data presented in this paper, it appears that sufficient settling of dredging in a diked disposal area, followed by discharge of supernatant to Great Lakes water, will not contravene the proposed Great Lakes Water Standards, and so the goal of water resources conservation could be achieved.

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LITTORAL TRANSPORT IN THE GREAT LAKES

Coastal Engineering Proceedings ◽

10.9753/icce.v7.20 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 1 (7) ◽

pp. 20

Author(s):

L. Bajorunas

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Great Lakes ◽

Well Being ◽

The United States ◽

Littoral Drift ◽

North American Continent ◽

The North ◽

Waves And Currents ◽

Maintenance Dredging ◽

The Many

The Great Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario extend almost to the middle of the North American Continent. With their 95,000 square miles of water surface and their three navigable connections with the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico, they affect the well-being of about 4.0 million people living within their vicinity in Canada and the United States. Possessing a shoreline of 6,600 miles, these waters have been called the fourth coast of the continent along with the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific coasts. This paper analyzes one of the many problems of the Great Lakes, the littoral transport problem. Littoral transport has been defined as the movement of material along the shore in the littoral zone by waves and currents. The material thus transported is referred to as the littoral drift. The littoral drift originates from the beach material, being picked up by the water and transported along the shore and deposited in another location. Shore erosion, littoral transport, and deposition of drift are all factors in the littoral process. A knowledge of the littoral process is important for many engineering projects including the construction and maintenance of shoreline harbors. The harbor breakwater extending from the shore into deep water forms a littoral barrier, and by stopping the transport action causes the depositio of drift on the updrift side. If the breakwater does not entirely stop the transport, or when the storage area on the updrift side is filled, the drift will bypass the breakwater and fill the dredged navigation channel causing frequent and expensive maintenance dredging. This problem is especially important in the small harbors on the Great Lakes planned every 25 to 30 miles as refuge for fishing and pleasure boats. These harbors have a rather small capacity for littoral drift, and the costs of maintenan dredging of so many entrance channels would be almost prohibitive. In order to provide data required for the design and economic evaluation of the small refuge harbors on the Great .Lakes, the United States Lake Survey, Corps of Engineers, conducted a study of the best method of estimating the rate of littoral transport along the shores of the Great Lakes. Although much of the data used in this paper was taken from the above study, the views and

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