Smart learning environments (SLEs), like all adaptive learning systems, are built around the learner model and use it to support a variety of interventions such as mastery learning, scaffolding, adaptive sequencing, and adaptive navigation support. Open learner models (OLMs) “expose” the learner data to users through easily perceivable visual representations aiming to improve student self-reflection and self-regulated learning and also increase user motivation and even foster collaboration. This chapter presents the evolution and current state of OLMs, summarizes related research in the field emphasizing on OLM types, locus of control between the system and the user and visualizations categorized on the basis of quantized/continuous and structured/unstructured representations. OLM cases implementing typical SLEs features are described, along with representative real-life scenarios of incorporating OLMs in SLEs. Moreover, the chapter provides guidelines for designing effective OLMs and discusses current research trends in this active scientific field.
Affordances and Core Functions of Smart Learning Environments: A Systematic Literature Review
