The use of sketch maps to measure cognitive maps of virtual environments

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Billinghurst ◽  
S. Weghorst
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Cognitive Maps ◽  
Sketch Maps

scholarly journals The machine as psychotherapist: impersonal communication with a machine

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 416-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Digby Tantam
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Cognitive Maps ◽  
Digital Tools ◽  
Test Administration ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
E Learning ◽  
Behavioural Therapies

Machines will replace therapists and counsellors. This was the confident prediction made a decade ago. In this article, I discuss the inherent limitations of machines as conversationalists that have prevented the prediction from coming true. Machines can, however, be exploited to assist therapy and I consider the following digital tools: test administration; managing procedural, symptom-relieving cognitive–behavioural therapies; providing virtual environments for immersive behavioural therapies and for e-learning; and assisting training through automated discourse analysis and the use of cognitive maps.

An Empirical Study on Pertinent Aspects of Sketch Maps for Navigation

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 26-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Wang ◽  
Rui Li
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Maps ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Qualitative Reasoning ◽  
Spatial Thinking ◽  
Navigation Systems ◽  
Spatial Awareness ◽  
Sequential Order ◽  
Spatial Objects ◽  
Sketch Maps ◽  
Sketch Map

Navigation systems which employ sequence-based directions have been found not effective in facilitating the spatial ability for humans to be aware of themselves in an environment. Traditional maps are found easily conveying the configuration of spatial objects but having difficulty to facilitate the correspondence to spatial objects in the real world. Sketch maps as schematic map-like representations have been suggested being a possible way of achieving goals of facilitating both navigation and spatial awareness. Moreover, sketch maps as externalizations of cognitive maps have been proved as reliable representations for human spatial thinking. In this study, the authors investigate the characteristics of directions given in two different forms: sketch maps and verbal descriptions (turn-by-turn instructions). The investigation addresses three aspects of spatial relations which are orientation, street topology and sequential order and their representations using existing qualitative reasoning calculi. The results of this study demonstrate sketch maps as a better direction-giving method and provide insights of applying sketch-map-like components for navigation.

Ordering

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahib Jan ◽  
Angela Schwering ◽  
Jia Wang ◽  
Malumbo Chipofya
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Information ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Cognitive Maps ◽  
Computational Approach ◽  
Cognitive Effects ◽  
Constraint Networks ◽  
Spatial Objects ◽  
Sketch Maps ◽  
Map Alignment ◽  
Street Segments

Sketch maps are externalizations of cognitive maps which are typically distorted, schematized, incomplete, and generalized. Processing spatial information from sketch maps automatically requires reliable formalizations which are not subject to schematization, distortion or other cognitive effects in sketch maps. Based on previous empirical work, the authors identified different sketch aspects such as ordering, topology and orientation to align and integrate spatial information from sketch maps with metric maps qualitatively. This research addresses the question how these qualitative sketch aspects can be formalized for a computational approach for sketch map alignment. In this study, the authors focus on the ordering aspect: ordering of landmarks and street segments along routes and around junctions. The authors first investigate different qualitative representations and propose suitable representations to formalize these aspects. The proposed representations capture qualitative relations between spatial objects in the form of qualitative constraint networks. The authors then evaluate the proposed representations by testing the accuracy of qualitative constraints between sketched objects and their corresponding objects in a metric map. The results of the evaluation show that the proposed representations are suitable for the alignment of spatial objects from sketch maps with metric maps.

A Cross-Cultural Study of Children's Cognitive Maps

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate W. Grieve ◽  
Fred J. van Staden
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Study ◽  
Cognitive Mapping ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Cognitive Maps ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
South Africans ◽  
Cross Cultural Study ◽  
Verbal Descriptions ◽  
Sketch Maps

This cross-cultural study was designed to investigate children's development of spatial representation as measured by the sketch map technique (cognitive mapping). The sample ( N = 526) consisted of white, black, Asian and coloured South Africans of both sexes varying in age from 5 to 13 years. The maps were assessed according to a Piagetian constructivist framework and the quality of accompanying verbal descriptions was evaluated. The sketch maps differed in terms of age but not race, gender or socio-economic status. Evaluative verbal descriptions were provided by more girls than boys and by more white subjects than black subjects. The developmental trends shown were similar to those described in the existing literature.

scholarly journals From repeating routes to planning novel routes: the impact of landmarks and ageing on route integration and cognitive mapping

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramona Grzeschik ◽  
Christopher Hilton ◽  
Ruth C. Dalton ◽  
Irma Konovalova ◽  
Ella Cotterill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Cognitive Mapping ◽  
Spatial Configuration ◽  
Cognitive Maps ◽  
Performance Criterion ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Cognitive Ageing ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Test Route ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The integration of intersecting routes is an important process for the formation of cognitive maps and thus successful navigation. Here we present a novel task to study route integration and the effects that landmark information and cognitive ageing have on this process. We created two virtual environments, each comprising five places and one central intersection but with different landmark settings: in the Identical Landmark environment, the intersection contained visually monotonic features whereas the intersection contained visually distinctive features in the Different Landmarks environment. In both environments young and older participants were presented with two short routes that both traversed through the shared intersection. To test route integration, participants were asked to either repeat the learning routes, to navigate the routes from the destination to the starting place or to plan novel routes. As expected, results demonstrate better performance when repeating or retracing routes than when planning novel routes. Performance was better in younger than older participants and in the Different Landmark environment which does not require detailed knowledge of the spatial configuration of all places in the environment. A subgroup of the older participants who performed lower on a screening test for cognitive impairments could not successfully complete the experiment or did not reach the required performance criterion. These results demonstrate that strategically placed landmarks support the integration of route knowledge into spatial representations that allow for goal-dependent flexible navigation behaviour and that earliest signs of atypical cognitive ageing affect this process of route integration.

Differences between blind people's cognitive maps after proximity and distant exploration of virtual environments

2017 ◽  
Vol 77 ◽  
pp. 294-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Cobo ◽  
Nancy E. Guerrón ◽  
Carlos Martín ◽  
Francisco del Pozo ◽  
José Javier Serrano
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Cognitive Maps

Assessing the Ability of Multidimensional Scaling and Pathfinder Networks to Measure Spatial Knowledge

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 303-307
Author(s):  
Caleb Furlough ◽  
Douglas J. Gillan
Keyword(s):  
Multidimensional Scaling ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Cognitive Maps ◽  
Semantic Knowledge ◽  
Spatial Knowledge ◽  
Pairwise Distance ◽  
Pathfinder Networks ◽  
Sketch Maps ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Study Participants

Cognitive maps, or mental representations of external environments, aid spatial navigation. Typically, researchers study cognitive maps by having participants provide a sketched map. However, multidimensional scaling (MDS) and Pathfinder, statistical techniques which represent a set of input proximities as a n-dimensional space or a network, respectively, can both be used as measures of cognitive maps. Previous research with semantic knowledge suggests that Pathfinder is better than MDS for mental modelling. In the present study, participants drew maps of a familiar environment from memory and provided pairwise distance ratings for landmarks present in those locations. Using those distance ratings as inputs for MDS solutions and Pathfinder networks, the extent to which MDS and Pathfinder related to the participant sketch maps was assessed. Results indicated that MDS solutions were more highly correlated with sketch maps than were Pathfinder networks.

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