Determinants of expression of SARS‐CoV‐2 entry related genes in upper and lower airways

Abstract When the nasal and oral passages converge and a bolus enters the pharynx, it is critical that breathing and swallow motor patterns become integrated to allow safe passage of the bolus through the pharynx. Breathing patterns must be reconfigured to inhibit inspiration, and upper airway muscle activity must be recruited and reconfigured to close the glottis and laryngeal vestibule, invert the epiglottis, and ultimately protect the lower airways. Failure to close and protect the glottal opening to the lower airways, or loss of the integration and coordination of swallow and breathing, increases the risk of penetration or aspiration. A neural swallow central pattern generator (CPG) controls the pharyngeal swallow phase and is located in the medulla. We propose that this swallow CPG is functionally organized in a holarchical behavioral control assembly (BCA) and is recruited with pharyngeal swallow. The swallow BCA holon reconfigures the respiratory CPG to produce the stereotypical swallow breathing pattern, consisting of swallow apnea during swallowing followed by prolongation of expiration following swallow. The timing of swallow apnea and the duration of expiration is a function of the presence of the bolus in the pharynx, size of the bolus, bolus consistency, breath cycle, ventilatory state and disease.

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PROPENSITY OF PNEUMOCOCCAL CARRIAGE SEROTYPES TO INFECT THE LOWER AIRWAYS OF CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE

10.26226/morressier.5731f0d3d462b80292380218 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Kim Hare

Keyword(s):

Lung Disease ◽

Chronic Lung Disease ◽

Pneumococcal Carriage ◽

Lower Airways

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Does asthma control correlate with quality of life related to upper and lower airways? A real life study.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.1163994.624644 ◽

2009 ◽

Author(s):

Gianna Moscato ◽

Gianni Pala

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Asthma Control ◽

Real Life ◽

Life Study ◽

Lower Airways ◽

Real Life Study

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Clinical and functional peculiarities at patients with bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and overlap of asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Nephrology (Saint-Petersburg) ◽

10.36485/1561-6274-2020-24-4-80-86 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 80-86

Author(s):

V. I. Trofimov ◽

D. Z. Baranov

Keyword(s):

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽

Pulmonary Disease ◽

Bronchial Asthma ◽

Blood Test ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Inflammation Markers ◽

Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽

Copd Patients ◽

Functional Features ◽

Lower Airways

BACKGROUND: a comparative analysis of laboratory and instrumental tests at patients with bronchial obstructive diseases seems very actual due to the wide prevalence of these diseases. THE AIM: to evaluate characteristics of spirometry as well as allergic (total IgE, sputum eosinophils) and infectious (blood and sputum leucocytes, ESR, CRP, fibrinogen) inflammation markers at patients with bronchial obstructive diseases. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 104 case histories of patients with bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and overlap were analyzed including age, duration of smoking (pack-years), laboratory (clinical blood test, biochemical blood test, general sputum analysis, sputum culture) and instrumental (spirometry, body plethysmography, echocardiography) tests. Data were processed statistically with non-parametric methods. RESULTS: COPD patients were older than other groups’ patients, had the highest pack-years index. ACO patients were marked with maximal TLC and Raw, minimal FEV1, FEF25-75, FEV1/FVC. Patients with COPD had the highest inflammation markers (leucocyte count, CRP, fibrinogen). CONCLUSION: high active inflammation may cause severe lower airways possibility disorders at patients with COPD. Data related to a possible role of K. pneumoniaе in the pathogenesis of eosinophilic inflammation in lower airways are of significant interest. Patients with ACO occupy an intermediate position between asthma and COPD patients based on clinical and functional features.

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Methacholine causes reflex bronchoconstriction

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1999.86.1.294 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 86 (1) ◽

pp. 294-297 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Elizabeth M. Wagner ◽

David B. Jacoby

Keyword(s):

Smooth Muscle ◽

Airway Smooth Muscle ◽

Bronchial Artery ◽

Muscle Tension ◽

Reflex Response ◽

Resistance Change ◽

Bilateral Vagotomy ◽

Airways Resistance ◽

Lower Airways

To determine whether methacholine causes vagally mediated reflex constriction of airway smooth muscle, we administered methacholine to sheep either via the bronchial artery or as an aerosol via tracheostomy into the lower airways. We then measured the contraction of an isolated, in situ segment of trachealis smooth muscle and determined the effect of vagotomy on the trachealis response. Administering methacholine to the subcarinal airways via the bronchial artery (0.5–10.0 μg/ml) caused dose-dependent bronchoconstriction and contraction of the tracheal segment. At the highest methacholine concentration delivered, trachealis smooth muscle tension increased an average of 186% over baseline. Aerosolized methacholine (5–7 breaths of 100 mg/ml) increased trachealis tension by 58% and airways resistance by 183%. As the bronchial circulation in the sheep does not supply the trachea, we postulated that the trachealis contraction was caused by a reflex response to methacholine in the lower airways. Bilateral vagotomy essentially eliminated the trachealis response and the airways resistance change after lower airways challenge (either via the bronchial artery or via aerosol) with methacholine. We conclude that 1) methacholine causes a substantial reflex contraction of airway smooth muscle and 2) the assumption may not be valid that a response to methacholine in humans or experimental animals represents solely the direct effect on smooth muscle.

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