AbstractA study was performed on the microhabitat distribution and some aspects of behaviour of the ectosymbiotic branchiobdellidan Holtodrilus truncatus (Annelida, Clitellata) found on the freshwater shrimp that inhabit the Sugo River, Hyogo Prefecture, western Japan. Observations on shrimp that were collected from the Sugo River (2003 to 2011) confirmed that the host shrimp is Neocaridina spp. (Atyidae). The attachment location on the host shrimp was predominately between the 1st pleopod and the 5th pereopod (55.3%). The reproductive method of H. truncatus is hemaphroditism. The cocoon was found only inside the carapace of the host shrimp. The cocoon was transparent and contained a maximum of 14 juvenile worms (developing embryos). When hatching approached, H. truncatus’s worms became elongated and slender, and only one worm hatched out at a time. When Holtodrilus truncatus was removed from its host and was maintained in river water without any food, it survived for a maximum of 46 days. In a host exchange experiment, where we provided several other freshwater shrimp species, Palaemonidae fed on H. truncatus. Moreover, Palaemon paucidens and Macrobrachium nipponense from Lake Biwa also preyed upon H. truncatus. The possible symbiotic relationship between H. truncatus and Neocaridina spp. (family Atyidae) is further discussed.
A fossil aphid gall from the middle Pleistocene sediment in Hyogo Prefecture, western Japan
