Lignin distribution in the tracheid cell wall of mild compression wood in Pinus radiata D. Don was examined by interference microscopy, confocal fluorescence microscopy, and ultraviolet (UV) microscopy. Two anatomically different samples of mild compression wood were compared with a sample of normal wood using quantitative interference microscopy and microdensitometry combined with confocal fluorescence microscopy to estimate the quantitative or semiquantitative lignin distribution in the S2 and S2L regions of the secondary cell wall and of the cell corner middle lamella (CCML). One of these samples was briefly examined by UV microscopy for comparison. Quantitative interference microscopy provided information on lignin concentration in different regions of the cell wall with values of 26, 46, and 57%, respectively, for the S2, S2L, and CCML regions of sample 1 and 20, 29, and 46%, respectively, for the same regions of sample 2. Microdensitometry of confocal fluorescence images provided semiquantitative information on the relative lignin distribution based on lignin autofluorescence. Comparison between the two compression wood samples using autofluorescence gave results that were in partial agreement with interference microscopy with respect to the relative lignification levels in the S2, S2L, and CCML regions. Some improvement was achieved by using calibration values for hemicellulose rather than holocellulose for interference data in the S2L region. Results for UV microscopy performed on sample 1 indicated that the lignification of the CCML region was comparable with that of the S2L region in this sample but with some variation among cells. All three techniques indicated significant variation in lignification levels of the S2L and CCML regions among adjacent cells and a significant reduction in the lignification of the CCML region compared to normal wood.Key words: lignin distribution, interference microscopy; confocal fluorescence microscopy, UV microscopy, mild compression wood, Pinus radiata D. Don.
Analysis of Polyhydroxyalkanoates Granules in Haloferax mediterranei by Double-Fluorescence Staining with Nile Red and SYBR Green by Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy
