Primary spread of caudal blockade in children: the possible limiting role of the lumbar spinal cord enlargement (tumenescence) in combination with the cerebrospinal fluid rebound mechanism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Castillo ◽  
Jakob Forestier ◽  
Marion Wiegele ◽  
Throstur Finnbogasson ◽  
Per‐Arne Lönnqvist
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Lumbar Spinal Cord ◽  
Lumbar Spinal ◽  
Caudal Blockade

Effects of Glycine Administration on Canine Experimental Spinal Spasticity and the Levels of Glycine, Glutamate, and Aspartate in the Lumbar Spinal Cord

Neurosurgery ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Smith ◽  
P. V. Hall ◽  
M. R. Galvin ◽  
A. R. Jones ◽  
R. L. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Spinal Cord Transection ◽  
Lumbar Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Gray Matter ◽  
Central Gray ◽  
Lumbar Spinal

Abstract Twelve female mongrel dogs were made paraplegic by midthoracic spinal cord transection. Beginning at 9 weeks posttransection, either glycine (50 mg/kg) or saline was injected intramuscularly each day and the signs of spinal spasticity were assessed clinically. After treating the dogs for 3 weeks, we removed the lumbar enlargement of each dog and microdissected it into gray and white areas which we assayed for glycine, glutamate, and aspartate content. Some of the clinical signs of spasticity improved in the animals injected with glycine compared to the saline-injected controls. The content of glycine was significantly elevated in the central gray matter and ventral medial white matter of the glycinetreated dogs. The levels of glutamate were also significantly elevated in the central, lateral ventral, and medial ventral gray matter and in the dorsal lateral and ventral medial white matter of the glycine-treated dogs. The possible role of these segmental putative neurotransmitters in spinal spasticity is discussed.

Enhanced Fos expression in rat lumbar spinal cord cultured with cerebrospinal fluid from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

1999 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuhiro Manabe ◽  
Kenichi Kashihara ◽  
Yoshihiko Shiro ◽  
Toshikiyo Shohmori ◽  
Koji Abe
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Lumbar Spinal Cord ◽  
Fos Expression ◽  
Lumbar Spinal ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Afferent Fibers of the Hypogastric Nerves Are Involved in the Facilitating Effects of Chemical Bladder Irritation in Rats

2001 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 2276-2284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takahiko Mitsui ◽  
Hidehiro Kakizaki ◽  
Shinobu Matsuura ◽  
Kaname Ameda ◽  
Mitsuhiro Yoshioka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Lumbar Spinal Cord ◽  
Urinary Frequency ◽  
Acid Infusion ◽  
Afferent Fibers ◽  
Fos Expression ◽  
Lumbar Spinal

To evaluate the role of bladder afferent fibers in the hypogastric nerves (HGN) in modulation of the micturition reflex induced by chemical bladder irritation, voiding behavior, continuous cystometry, and spinal c-fos expression following intravesical acetic acid instillation were investigated in rats with or without HGN transection. Voiding behavior and continuous cystometry were examined in unanesthetized conscious rats. Following chemical bladder irritation, a significant increase in urinary frequency associated with a marked decrease in the voided volume per micturition, was noted in control rats with the intact HGN, but not in HGN-transected rats. Continuous infusion of acetic acid in control rats elicited irritative bladder responses characterized by a marked decrease in the intercontraction interval and a marked increase in maximal vesical pressure, both of which were absent in capsaicin-desensitized rats. HGN transection prevented the decrease in the intercontraction interval but not an increase in maximal vesical pressure following chemical bladder irritation. Compared with saline infusion, acetic acid infusion caused a significant increase in c-fos expression at L1 and L6 of the spinal cord, and HGN transection significantly reduced c-fos expression in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord at L1 but not at L6. These results suggest that capsaicin-sensitive bladder afferent fibers in the HGN, which travel through the rostral lumbar spinal cord, have a role in urinary frequency caused by chemical bladder irritation.

scholarly journals The Role of Functional Neuroanatomy of the Lumbar Spinal Cord in Effect of Epidural Stimulation

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos A. Cuellar ◽  
Aldo A. Mendez ◽  
Riazul Islam ◽  
Jonathan S. Calvert ◽  
Peter J. Grahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Lumbar Spinal Cord ◽  
Functional Neuroanatomy ◽  
Epidural Stimulation ◽  
Lumbar Spinal

Region-specific changes in the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and ERK5 in rat micturition pathways following cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis

2007 ◽  
Vol 292 (3) ◽  
pp. R1368-R1375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Ya Qiao ◽  
Melisa A. Gulick
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Visceral Pain ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Lumbar Spinal Cord ◽  
Bladder Inflammation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Lumbar Spinal

Chronic inflammation of the urinary bladder generates hyperalgesia and allodynia. Growing evidence suggests a role of ERK in mediating somatic and visceral pain processing. In the present studies, we characterized and compared the activation of two ERK isoforms, ERK1/2 and ERK5, in micturition pathways, including the urinary bladder, lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia (DRG), and spinal cord in adult female and male rats before and after cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced bladder inflammation. Results showed differential activation of ERK1/2 and ERK5 in these regions following cystitis. The level of phospho-ERK1/2 but not phospho-ERK5 was increased in the urinary bladder; the level of phospho-ERK5 but not phospho-ERK1/2 was increased in DRG; and the level of phospho-ERK1/2 but not phospho-ERK5 was increased in lumbar spinal cord following cystitis compared with control. Cystitis-induced upregulation of phospho-ERK1/2 and phospho-ERK5 was time dependent and showed similar patterns in female and male rats. The level of phospho-ERK1/2 in bladder was increased at 2 and 8 h after CYP injection; the level of phospho-ERK5 in DRG was increased at 8 and 48 h after CYP injection; and the level of phospho-ERK1/2 in lumbar spinal cord was increased at 48 h after CYP injection. The result that phospho-ERK5 was exclusively increased in DRG neurons, while phospho-ERK1/2 was increased in the spinal cord and the urinary bladder after cystitis, suggests a region-specific effect of neurotrophins on micturition pathways following bladder inflammation.

scholarly journals Spinal V3 interneurons and left-right coordination in mammalian locomotion

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon M. Danner ◽  
Han Zhang ◽  
Natalia A. Shevtsova ◽  
Joanna Borowska ◽  
Ilya A. Rybak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Rhythmic Activity ◽  
Contralateral Side ◽  
Lumbar Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Neurons ◽  
Ipsilateral Side ◽  
Current Experimental Data ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Lumbar Spinal

AbstractCommissural interneurons (CINs) mediate interactions between rhythm-generating locomotor circuits located on each side of the spinal cord and are necessary for left-right limb coordination during locomotion. While glutamatergic V3 CINs have been implicated in left-right coordination, their functional connectivity remains elusive. Here, we addressed this issue by combining experimental and modeling approaches. We employed Sim1Cre/+; Ai32 mice, in which light-activated Channelrhodopsin-2 was selectively expressed in V3 interneurons. Fictive locomotor activity was evoked by NMDA and 5-HT in the isolated neonatal lumbar spinal cord. Flexor and extensor activities were recorded from left and right L2 and L5 ventral roots, respectively. Bilateral photoactivation of V3 interneurons increased the duration of extensor bursts resulting in a slowed down on-going rhythm. At high light intensities, extensor activity could become sustained. When light stimulation was shifted toward one side of the cord, the duration of extensor bursts still increased on both sides, but these changes were more pronounced on the contralateral side than on the ipsilateral side. Additional bursts appeared on the ipsilateral side not seen on the contralateral side. Further increase of the stimulation could suppress the contralateral oscillations by switching to a sustained extensor activity, while the ipsilateral rhythmic activity remained. To delineate the function of V3 interneurons and their connectivity, we developed a computational model of the spinal circuits consisting of two (left and right) rhythm generators (RGs) interacting via V0V, V0D and V3 CINs. Both types of V0 CINs provided mutual inhibition between the left and right flexor RG centers and promoted left-right alternation. V3 CINs mediated mutual excitation between the left and right extensor RG centers. These interactions allowed the model to reproduce our current experimental data, while being consistent with previous data concerning the role of V0V and V0D CINs in securing left-right alternation and the changes in left-right coordination following their selective removal. We suggest that V3 CINs provide mutual excitation between the spinal neurons involved in the control of left and right extensor activity, which may promote left-right synchronization during locomotion.

scholarly journals Locomotor-activated neurons of the cat. II. Noradrenergic innervation and colocalization with NEα1a or NEα2b receptors in the thoraco-lumbar spinal cord

2011 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 1835-1849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian R. Noga ◽  
Dawn M. G. Johnson ◽  
Mirta I. Riesgo ◽  
Alberto Pinzon
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Lumbar Spinal Cord ◽  
Receptor Subtype ◽  
Noradrenergic Innervation ◽  
Noradrenergic Fibers ◽  
Lumbar Spinal ◽  
Rostrocaudal Gradient ◽  
Activity Dependent ◽  
Noradrenergic Modulation

Norepinephrine (NE) is a strong modulator and/or activator of spinal locomotor networks. Thus noradrenergic fibers likely contact neurons involved in generating locomotion. The aim of the present study was to investigate the noradrenergic innervation of functionally related, locomotor-activated neurons within the thoraco-lumbar spinal cord. This was accomplished by immunohistochemical colocalization of noradrenergic fibers using dopamine-β-hydroxylase or NEα1A and NEα2B receptors with cells expressing the c-fos gene activity-dependent marker Fos. Experiments were performed on paralyzed, precollicular-postmamillary decerebrate cats, in which locomotion was induced by electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region. The majority of Fos labeled neurons, especially abundant in laminae VII and VIII throughout the thoraco-lumbar (T13-L7) region of locomotor animals, showed close contacts with multiple noradrenergic boutons. A small percentage (10–40%) of Fos neurons in the T7-L7 segments showed colocalization with NEα1A receptors. In contrast, NEα2B receptor immunoreactivity was observed in 70–90% of Fos cells, with no obvious rostrocaudal gradient. In comparison with results obtained from our previous study on the same animals, a significantly smaller proportion of Fos labeled neurons were innervated by noradrenergic than serotonergic fibers, with significant differences observed for laminae VII and VIII in some segments. In lamina VII of the lumbar segments, the degree of monoaminergic receptor subtype/Fos colocalization examined statistically generally fell into the following order: NEα2B = 5-HT2A ≥ 5-HT7 = 5-HT1A > NEα1A. These results suggest that noradrenergic modulation of locomotion involves NEα1A/NEα2B receptors on noradrenergic-innervated locomotor-activated neurons within laminae VII and VIII of thoraco-lumbar segments. Further study of the functional role of these receptors in locomotion is warranted.

Lipomeningocele associated with diplomyelia in a dog

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (05) ◽  
pp. 323-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nele Ondreka ◽  
Sara Malberg ◽  
Emma Laws ◽  
Martin Schmidt ◽  
Sabine Schulze
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Neurological Status ◽  
Split Cord Malformation ◽  
Lumbar Spinal Cord ◽  
Histopathological Diagnosis ◽  
Type I ◽  
Thoracic Spinal Cord ◽  
Thoracic Spinal ◽  
Subcutaneous Mass ◽  
Lumbar Spinal

SummaryA 2-year-old male neutered mixed breed dog with a body weight of 30 kg was presented for evaluation of a soft subcutaneous mass on the dorsal midline at the level of the caudal thoracic spine. A further clinical sign was intermittent pain on palpation of the area of the subcutaneous mass. The owner also described a prolonged phase of urination with repeated interruption and re-initiation of voiding. The findings of the neurological examination were consistent with a lesion localization between the 3rd thoracic and 3rd lumbar spinal cord segments. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a spina bifida with a lipomeningocele and diplomyelia (split cord malformation type I) at the level of thoracic vertebra 11 and 12 and secondary syringomyelia above the aforementioned defects in the caudal thoracic spinal cord. Surgical resection of the lipomeningocele via a hemilaminectomy was performed. After initial deterioration of the neurological status postsurgery with paraplegia and absent deep pain sensation the dog improved within 2 weeks to non-ambulatory paraparesis with voluntary urination. Six weeks postoperatively the dog was ambulatory, according to the owner. Two years after surgery the owner recorded that the dog showed a normal gait, a normal urination and no pain. Histopathological diagnosis of the biopsied material revealed a lipomeningocele which confirmed the radiological diagnosis.

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