Laboratory Combustibility Testing of Solid Fuel

1980 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 666-671
Author(s):  
E. C. Winegartner ◽  
C. J. Lin
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Wall Temperature ◽  
Solid Fuels ◽  
Excess Oxygen ◽  
Flame Stability ◽  
Firing Rates ◽  
Low Load ◽  
Carbon Burnout ◽  
Load Conditions

A laboratory furnace having a controlled wall temperature is used to measure the combustibility of coal and other solid fuels. Operation at wall temperatures of 1260–1370°C (2300°–2500° F) permits determination of percent carbon burnout as a function of residence time and excess oxygen under furnace conditions representative of those encountered in large boilers. Operation at decreasing wall temperatures provides information on flame stability under conditions approaching those encountered under low load conditions in operating boilers. Firing rates are generally in the range of 11.7–29.3 KWt (40–100k BTU/hr) permitting testing of 100–150 kg (200–300 lb.) samples which can reasonably be obtained by core drilling or from small pilot units.

Design Considerations for Boiler Forced-Draft Systems

1969 ◽  
Vol 6 (04) ◽  
pp. 406-417
Author(s):  
R. P. Giblon ◽  
K. M. Shauer ◽  
I. H. Rolih
Keyword(s):  
Trade Off ◽  
Plant Operation ◽  
Firing Rates ◽  
Design Considerations ◽  
Low Load ◽  
Forced Draft ◽  
Load Conditions

The boiler forced-draft system is basic to satisfactory plant operation and merits more attention than it often receives. This paper discusses the determination of combustion air requirements, system draft losses, and the factors which must be considered in allowing margins over calculated requirements. The role of burner selection in determining draft requirements and fan sizing will be considered with the intent of determining the economic trade-off between high "turnup" ratios with resultant high draft loss versus higher minimum firing rates utilizing steam dumping at low load conditions.

Precipitation and filtration of zinc, magnesium, copper and aluminium hydroxides

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 3362-3370
Author(s):  
Otakar Söhnel ◽  
Eva Matějčková
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Mean Residence Time ◽  
Filtration Resistance ◽  
Filtration Pressure ◽  
Bed Porosity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Filtration Properties

Filtration properties of batchwise precipitated suspensions of Zn(OH)2, Mg(OH)2 and Cu(OH)2 and continuously precipitated Al(OH)3 were studied. For batchwise precipitated suspensions was verified the theoretically predicted dependence of specific filtration resistance on initial supersaturation and for the continuously precipitated Al(OH)3 the relation between the specific filtration resistance and the mean residence time of suspension in the reactor. Dependences were also recorded between the bed porosity and concentration of precipitated solutions, specific filtration resistance and used filtration pressure and the effect of aging of the batchwise precipitated suspension of Mg(OH)2on its filtration properties. The used CST method for determination of filtration characteristics of Zn(OH)2 suspension was also studied.

scholarly journals The Effect of Pure Oxygenated Biofuels on Efficiency and Emissions in a Gasoline Optimised DISI Engine

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3908
Author(s):  
Tara Larsson ◽  
Senthil Krishnan Mahendar ◽  
Anders Christiansen-Erlandsson ◽  
Ulf Olofsson
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Engine Efficiency ◽  
Spark Timing ◽  
Low Load ◽  
Oxygenated Fuels ◽  
Load Conditions

The negative impact of transport on climate has led to incentives to increase the amount of renewable fuels used in internal combustion engines (ICEs). Oxygenated, liquid biofuels are promising alternatives, as they exhibit similar combustion behaviour to gasoline. In this article, the effect of the different biofuels on engine efficiency, combustion propagation and emissions of a gasoline-optimised direct injected spark ignited (DISI) engine were evaluated through engine experiments. The experiments were performed without any engine hardware modifications. The investigated fuels are gasoline, four alcohols (methanol, ethanol, n-butanol and iso-butanol) and one ether (MTBE). All fuels were tested at two speed sweeps at low and mid load conditions, and a spark timing sweep at low load conditions. The oxygenated biofuels exhibit increased efficiencies, even at non-knock-limited conditions. At lower loads, the oxygenated fuels decrease CO, HC and NOx emissions. However, at mid load conditions, decreased volatility of the alcohols leads to increased emissions due to fuel impingement effects. Methanol exhibited the highest efficiencies and significantly increased burn rates compared to the other fuels. Gasoline exhibited the lowest level of PN and PM emissions. N-butanol and iso-butanol show significantly increased levels of particle emissions compared to the other fuels.

DETERMINATION OF RESIDENCE TIME OF GRAINS IN DRUM DRYER

1998 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 1905-1913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Yibin ◽  
Wu Zhongping ◽  
Jiang Huanyu
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time

Asymptotic Estimates for Blocking Probabilities in a Large Multi-Rate Loss Network

1997 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 806-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Simonian ◽  
J. W. Roberts ◽  
F. Théberge ◽  
R. Mazumdar
Keyword(s):  
Critical Load ◽  
Blocking Probability ◽  
Asymptotic Estimates ◽  
Switched Network ◽  
Blocking Probabilities ◽  
Low Load ◽  
Rate Loss ◽  
Load Conditions

In this paper, asymptotic estimates for the blocking probability of a call pertaining to a given route in a large multi-rate circuit-switched network are given. Concentrating on low load and critical load conditions, these estimates are essentially derived by using probability change techniques applied to the distribution of the number of occupied links. Such estimates for blocking probabilities are also given a uniform expression applicable to both load regimes. This uniform expression is numerically validated via simple examples.

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