A Review of Hydraulic Fracture Modeling—Part I: General Concepts, 2D Models, Motivation for 3D Modeling

1984 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Mendelsohn
Keyword(s):  
Crack Propagation ◽  
Hydraulic Fracture ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Hydraulic Fractures ◽  
Three Dimensional Modeling ◽  
Rock Formations ◽  
Constant Height ◽  
Fractured Medium ◽  
Dimensional Models ◽  
Three Dimensional Models

This is Part I of a two-part paper which reviews in depth the literature on the modeling of the propagation of large hydraulic fractures in underground rock formations. Part I presents a general formulation of the problem, its geometry and only the most fundamental and unrestrictive physical assumptions. The two basic two-dimensional models of constant height (rectangular) fractures which formed the core of modeling efforts from 1960 through the late 1970’s are discussed in detail followed by a brief review of the effects of fluid diffusion in the fractured medium on crack propagation. The recent field and laboratory observations which have shown that nonrectangular fractures can occur quite often are discussed, as are their impact on the modeling effort, specifically the need for three-dimensional models of crack propagation in layered environments. Part II of the paper deals with the three-dimensional modeling efforts and some fundamental crack and fracture mechanics problems related to the vertical growth of a hydraulic fracture.

scholarly journals Processing Three-Dimensional Models of Archaeological Artifacts

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 48-61
Author(s):  
Pavel V. Chistyakov ◽  
Ekaterina N. Bocharova ◽  
Ksenia A. Kolobova
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Models ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Post Processing ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Scaled Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Modeling ◽  
Dimensional Modeling ◽  
Dimensional Models ◽  
Three Dimensional Models

This article provides a detailed account of the process of scanning, post-processing and further manipulation of three-dimensional models obtained with structured light scanners. Purpose. The purpose of the study is determined by the need for national archaeologists to learn the methods of three-dimensional modeling for the implementation of scientific research corresponding to international standards. Unfortunately, this direction in national archaeology began to develop in a relatively recent time and there is a lag in the application of three-dimensional modeling of national archaeology compared to the world level. Results. Any archaeological, experimental or ethnographic artifact can be used for three-dimensional scanning. To perform post-processing of three-dimensional models it is necessary to carry out primary scanning of an artifact by one of the existing algorithms. The algorithm for creating models, their positioning, simplification, saving in various formats and export is described. The main sequence of 3D models post-processing includes: processing of groups of scanned projections (their cleaning and alignment), creation of artifact model and processing/rectification of the resulting model using special software. Conclusion. As a result of correct implementation of the algorithm, the researcher receives a scaled model completely corresponding to the original artifact. Obtaining a scalable, texture-free three-dimensional model of the artifact, which fully corresponds to the original and exceeds a photograph in the quality of detail transfer, allows a scientist to conduct precise metric measurements and any procedures of non-invasive manipulation of the models. The ability to access a database of three-dimensional models of archaeological collections greatly simplifies the work of archaeologists, especially in situations when country borders are closed.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional engineering-geological model of the soil massif: the case study of the base of a hydrotechnical building

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Zhanghao Ren
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Geological Model ◽  
Sound Design ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Construction Sites ◽  
Three Dimensional Modeling ◽  
Dimensional Modeling ◽  
Geological Conditions ◽  
Dimensional Models ◽  
Three Dimensional Models

In the process of engineering and geological surveys, three-dimensional engineering-geological modeling makes it possible to perform a comprehensive assessment of the state of the territory for making sound-design decisions on the placement of construction sites and their structures. Secondly, a logical conclusion of a detailed study of engineering-geological and geotechnical conditions, which is implemented to use three-dimensional modeling, is a well-grounded design with a reasonable margin of safety, which causes a reduction in the total cost of the erected or reconstructed structure. Thirdly, in comparison with traditional engineering-geological two-dimensional models (cuts, maps, etc.), three-dimensional models give more information. This is especially important, when we think about the scale of the hydraulic structures. According to archival materials, it can be noted that there are many spatial geological heterogeneities in this territory, and the engineering-geological conditions turned out to be complex. Taking into account the advantages of three-dimensional modeling, the creation of a three-dimensional model of a dispersed soil massif is an actual task for solving complex engineering-geological problems. The article analyzes a three-dimensional engineering-geological model of the soil massif under a hydrotechnical building in the Moscow region, and then calculates its stress-strain state and the coefficient of stability of the sides of the ditch.

3D-modeling in forensic medicine: a tutorial

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuliya Shakiryanova ◽  
Sergey Leonov ◽  
Daniil Korabelnikov
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Medicine ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Digital Photographs ◽  
Three Dimensional Modeling ◽  
Modern Computer ◽  
Video Frames ◽  
Dimensional Models ◽  
Step Algorithm ◽  
Three Dimensional Models

The tutorial provides an overview of the main methods of creating three-dimensional (3D) models of objects and their applications. A step-by-step algorithm for creating virtual copies of objects based on digital photos and video frames using modern computer programs "AgisoftPhotoscan" and "ContextCapture" is described. Details of the necessary conditions for obtaining high-quality digital photos and models, especially the process of photography, the requirements for the resulting digital photos. Recommendations are given for obtaining digital photographs suitable for creating three-dimensional models in various fields of research. The theoretical foundations of the method of creating three-dimensional models using digital photographs are described in detail, the basic concepts used in three-dimensional modeling are defined. The areas of application of three-dimensional models in forensic medicine, as well as problems that can be solved with the help of the created models are determined. Established criteria, which may affect the accuracy of the models, the reproduction of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the research object. Illustrative examples from their own practice.

Three-Dimensional Modeling of Hydraulic Fractures in Layered Media: Part II—Calibrations, Parametric Sensitivity and Field Simulations

1990 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. Lee ◽  
S. H. Advani ◽  
J. K. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Fracture ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
In Situ Stress ◽  
Hydraulic Fractures ◽  
Parametric Sensitivity ◽  
Three Dimensional Modeling ◽  
Dimensional Modeling ◽  
Fracture Configuration

A comprehensive finite element model formulation for the simulation of vertical hydraulic fracture propagation in a multi-layered reservoir has been presented in Part I of the companion paper (Advani et al., 1990). This paper presents a numerical calibration of this model by comparing results with selected benchmark cases. Parametric sensitivity investigations are also performed to illustrate the role of different variables on hydraulic fracture configuration evolution in multi-layered formations. In addition, field simulations for a multi-layered reservoir with differential in-situ stress and mechanical property contrasts are conducted to illustrate the scope of the developed model.

scholarly journals Computer Reconstruction of the Appearance of Amur Cossacks and the Manchu in the 17th Century

2021 ◽  
pp. 11-21
Author(s):  
Aleksei Viktorovich Natsvin ◽  
Il'ya Evgen'evich Eremin ◽  
Aleksei Yur'evich Lokhov
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Models ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Three Dimensional Modeling ◽  
Dimensional Modeling ◽  
Dimensional Models ◽  
Three Dimensional Models

The article studies historical appearance of Russian servicemen of the Far East in the 17th century as well as their traditional opponents – soldiers of the eight-banner army of Qing China. The study sets a goal to practically model and print 3D models of the people understudy. To form basic sketches of the models the authors use historical images as well as modern reconstructions of uniforms and weapons. Computer modeling was carried out using open software. The approach is to develop a utilitarian technique for high-quality modeling of three-dimensional models of historical characters without professional art education. As a result, the authors have got unique three-dimensional models made according to a single algorithm. The use of three-dimensional modeling technologies provides for a fairly simple creation of both a character model itself and his uniform and weapons. Also, three-dimensional modeling allows one to create copies of individual objects thus forming a library that can significantly reduce the time spent on creating similar models. 3D printing technologies make it easy to replicate physical copies of a 3D model which in this case makes it possible to fulfill orders for small-scale production of souvenirs. The models can be applied in industrial production such as casting and milling.

Plastic replicas as three-dimensional models of pulps

1975 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 544-546
Author(s):  
HL Wakkerman ◽  
GS The ◽  
AJ Spanauf
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Models ◽  
Three Dimensional Models

In Silico Identification and Molecular Characterization of Extracellular Cathepsin L Proteases from Giardia duodenalis

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 342-351
Author(s):  
Sergio A. Durán-Pérez ◽  
José G. Rendón-Maldonado ◽  
Lucio de Jesús Hernandez-Diaz ◽  
Annete I. Apodaca-Medina ◽  
Maribel Jiménez-Edeza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Silico ◽  
Cathepsin L ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Giardia Duodenalis ◽  
Evolutionary Genetics ◽  
Extracellular Proteins ◽  
In Silico Identification ◽  
Dimensional Models ◽  
Three Dimensional Models

Background: The protozoan Giardia duodenalis, which causes giardiasis, is an intestinal parasite that commonly affects humans, mainly pre-school children. Although there are asymptomatic cases, the main clinical features are chronic and acute diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain, and malabsorption syndrome. Little is currently known about the virulence of the parasite, but some cases of chronic gastrointestinal alterations post-infection have been reported even when the infection was asymptomatic, suggesting that the cathepsin L proteases of the parasite may be involved in the damage at the level of the gastrointestinal mucosa. Objective: The aim of this study was the in silico identification and characterization of extracellular cathepsin L proteases in the proteome of G. duodenalis. Methods: The NP_001903 sequence of cathepsin L protease from Homo sapienswas searched against the Giardia duodenalisproteome. The subcellular localization of Giardia duodenaliscathepsin L proteases was performed in the DeepLoc-1.0 server. The construction of a phylogenetic tree of the extracellular proteins was carried out using the Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis software (MEGA X). The Robetta server was used for the construction of the three-dimensional models. The search for possible inhibitors of the extracellular cathepsin L proteases of Giardia duodenaliswas performed by entering the three-dimensional structures in the FINDSITEcomb drug discovery tool. Results: Based on the amino acid sequence of cathepsin L from Homo sapiens, 8 protein sequences were identified that have in their modular structure the Pept_C1A domain characteristic of cathepsins and two of these proteins (XP_001704423 and XP_001704424) are located extracellularly. Threedimensional models were designed for both extracellular proteins and several inhibitory ligands with a score greater than 0.9 were identified. In vitrostudies are required to corroborate if these two extracellular proteins play a role in the virulence of Giardia duodenalisand to discover ligands that may be useful as therapeutic targets that interfere in the mechanism of pathogenesis generated by the parasite. Conclusion: In silicoanalysis identified two proteins in the Giardia duodenalisprotein repertoire whose characteristics allowed them to be classified as cathepsin L proteases, which may be secreted into the extracellular medium to act as virulence factors. Three-dimensional models of both proteins allowed the identification of inhibitory ligands with a high score. The results suggest that administration of those compounds might be used to block the endopeptidase activity of the extracellular cathepsin L proteases, interfering with the mechanisms of pathogenesis of the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis.

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