Full-Coverage Film Cooling: Heat Transfer Coefficients and Film Effectiveness for a Sparse Hole Array at Different Blowing Ratios and Contraction Ratios

2015 ◽  
Vol 137 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Phil Ligrani ◽  
Matt Goodro ◽  
Michael D. Fox ◽  
Hee-Koo Moon
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Film Cooling ◽  
Hole Array ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Full Coverage ◽  
Streamwise Location ◽  
Contraction Ratio ◽  
Inclination Angles ◽  
Cooling Hole ◽  
Effectiveness Data

The present experimental investigation considers a full coverage film cooling arrangement with different streamwise static pressure gradients. The film cooling holes in adjacent streamwise rows are staggered with respect to each other, with sharp edges and streamwise inclination angles of 20 deg with respect to the liner surface. Data are provided for turbulent film cooling, contraction ratios of 1 and 4, blowing ratios (BRs) (at the test section entrance) of 2.0, 5.0, and 10.0, a coolant Reynolds number of 12,000, freestream temperatures from 75 °C to 115 °C, a film hole diameter of 7 mm, and density ratios from 1.15 to 1.25. Nondimensional streamwise and spanwise film cooling hole spacings, X/D and Y/D, are 18 and 5, respectively. Data illustrating the effects of contraction ratio, BR, and streamwise location on local, line-averaged, and spatially averaged adiabatic film effectiveness data; and on local, line-averaged and spatially averaged heat transfer coefficient data are presented. Varying BR values are present along the length of the contraction passage, which contains the cooling hole arrangement, when contraction ratio is 4. Dependence on BR indicates important influences of coolant concentration and distribution. For example, line-averaged and spatially averaged adiabatic effectiveness data show vastly different changes with BR for the configurations with contraction ratios of 1 and 4. In addition, much larger effectiveness alterations are present as BR changes from 2.0 to 10.0, when significant acceleration is present and Cr = 4 (in comparison with the Cr = 1 data).

Full-Coverage Film Cooling: Heat Transfer Coefficients and Film Effectiveness for a Sparse Hole Array at Different Blowing Ratios and Contraction Ratios

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip Ligrani ◽  
Matt Goodro ◽  
Michael D. Fox ◽  
Hee-Koo Moon
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Test Section ◽  
Film Cooling ◽  
Hole Array ◽  
Film Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Blowing Ratio ◽  
Full Coverage ◽  
Contraction Ratio ◽  
Cooling Hole ◽  
Effectiveness Data

The present experimental investigation considers a full coverage film cooling arrangement with differrent streamwise static pressure gradients. The film cooling holes in adjacent streamwise rows are staggered with respect to each other, with sharp edges, and streamwise inclination angles of 20 degrees with respect to the liner surface. Data are provided for turbulent film cooling, contraction ratios of 1 and 4, blowing ratios (at the test section entrance) of 2.0, 5.0, and 10.0, coolant Reynolds numbers of 12,000, freestream temperatures from 75°C to 115°C, a film hole diameter of 7 mm, and density ratios from 1.15 to 1.25. Non-dimensional streamwise and spanwise film cooling hole spacings, X/D and Y/D, are 18, and 5, respectively. Data illustrating the effects of contraction ratio, blowing ratio, and streamwise location on local, line-averaged and spatially-averaged adiabatic film effectiveness data, and on local, line-averaged and spatially-averaged heat transfer coefficient data are presented. Varying blowing ratio values are utilized along the length of the contraction passage, which contains the cooling hole arrangement, when contraction ratio is 4. Dependence on blowing ratio indicates important influences of coolant concentration and distribution. For example, line-averaged and spatially-averaged adiabatic effectiveness data show vastly different changes with blowing ratio BR for the configurations with contraction ratios of 1 and 4. These changes from acceleration are thus mostly due to different blowing ratio distributions along the test section. In particular, much larger effectiveness alterations are present as BR changes from 2.0 to 10.0, when significant acceleration is present and Cr = 4 (in comparison with the Cr = 1 data). When BR = 10.0, much smaller changes due to different contract ratios are present. This is because coolant distributions along the test surfaces are so abundant that magnitudes of streamwise acceleration (and different streamwise variations of blowing ratio) have little effect on near-wall film concentration distributions, or on variations of film cooling effectiveness.

Full-Coverage Film Cooling: Film Effectiveness and Heat Transfer Coefficients for Dense Hole Arrays at Different Hole Angles, Contraction Ratios, and Blowing Ratios

2013 ◽  
Vol 135 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Phil Ligrani ◽  
Matt Goodro ◽  
Mike Fox ◽  
Hee-Koo Moon
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Film Cooling ◽  
Test Surface ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Heat Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Blowing Ratio ◽  
Full Coverage ◽  
Contraction Ratio ◽  
Cooling Hole ◽  
Film Cooling Holes

Experimental results are presented for a full-coverage film cooling arrangement which simulates a portion of a gas turbine engine, with appropriate streamwise static pressure gradient. The test surface utilizes varying blowing ratio (BR) along the length of the contraction passage which contains the cooling hole arrangement. For the different experimental conditions examined, film cooling holes are sharp-edged and streamwise inclined either at 20 deg or 30 deg with respect to the liner surface. The film cooling holes in adjacent streamwise rows are staggered with respect to each other. Data are provided for turbulent film cooling, contraction ratios of 1, 3, 4, and 5, blowing ratios (at the test section entrance) of 2.0, 5.0, and 10.0, coolant Reynolds numbers Refc of 10,000–12,000, freestream temperatures from 75 °C to 115 °C, a film hole diameter of 7 mm, and density ratios from 1.15 to 1.25. Nondimensional streamwise and spanwise film cooling hole spacings, X/D and Y/D, are 6, and 5, respectively. When the streamwise hole inclination angle is 20 deg spatially averaged and line-averaged adiabatic effectiveness values at each x/D location are about the same as the contraction ratio varies between 1, 3, and 4, with slightly higher values at each x/D location when the contraction ratio Cr is 5. For each contraction ratio, there is a slight increase in effectiveness when the blowing ratio is increased from 2.0 to 5.0 but there is no further substantial improvement when the blowing ratio is increased to 10.0. Overall, line-averaged and spatially averaged-adiabatic film effectiveness data, and spatially averaged heat transfer coefficient data are described as they are affected by contraction ratio, blowing ratio, hole angle α, and streamwise location x/D. For example, when α = 20 deg, the detrimental effects of mainstream acceleration are apparent since heat transfer coefficients for contraction ratios Cr of 3 and 5 are often higher than values for Cr = 1, especially for x/D > 100.

Full-Coverage Film Cooling: Film Effectiveness and Heat Transfer Coefficients for Dense Hole Arrays at Different Hole Angles, Contraction Ratios, and Blowing Ratios

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt Goodro ◽  
Phil Ligrani ◽  
Mike Fox ◽  
Hee-Koo Moon
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Film Cooling ◽  
Test Surface ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Heat Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Blowing Ratio ◽  
Full Coverage ◽  
Contraction Ratio ◽  
Cooling Hole ◽  
Film Cooling Holes

Experimental results are presented for a full coverage film cooling arrangement which simulates a portion of a gas turbine engine, with appropriate streamwise static pressure gradient. The test surface utilizes varying blowing ratio along the length of the contraction passage which contains the cooling hole arrangement. For the different experimental conditions examined, film cooling holes are sharp-edged and streamwise inclined either at 20° or 30° with respect to the liner surface. The film cooling holes in adjacent streamwise rows are staggered with respect to each other. Data are provided for turbulent film cooling, contraction ratios of 1, 3, 4, and 5, blowing ratios (at the test section entrance) of 2.0, 5.0, and 10.0, coolant Reynolds numbers Refc of 10,000 to 12,000, freestream temperatures from 75°C to 115°C, a film hole diameter of 7 mm, and density ratios from 1.15 to 1.25. Non-dimensional streamwise and spanwise film cooling hole spacings, X/D and Y/D, are 6, and 5, respectively. When the streamwise hole inclination angle is 20°, spatially-averaged and line-averaged adiabatic effectiveness values at each x/D location are about the same as the contraction ratio varies between 1, 3, and 4, with slightly higher values at each x/D location when the contraction ratio Cr is 5. For each contraction ratio, there is a slight increase in effectiveness when the blowing ratio is increased from 2.0 to 5.0 but there is no further substantial improvement when the blowing ratio is increased to 10.0. Overall, line-averaged and spatially-averaged adiabatic film effectiveness data, and spatially-averaged heat transfer coefficient data are described as they are affected by contraction ratio, blowing ratio, hole angle α, and streamwise location x/D. For example, when α = 20°, the detrimental effects of mainstream acceleration are apparent since heat transfer coefficients for contraction ratios Cr of 3 and 5 are often higher than values for Cr = 1, especially for x/D > 100.

Full-Coverage Film Cooling: Film Effectiveness and Heat Transfer Coefficients for Dense and Sparse Hole Arrays at Different Blowing Ratios

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt Goodro ◽  
Phil Ligrani ◽  
Mike Fox ◽  
Hee-Koo Moon
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Film Cooling ◽  
Hole Array ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Heat Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Blowing Ratio ◽  
Full Coverage ◽  
Cooling Hole ◽  
Hole Arrays ◽  
Film Cooling Holes

Experimental results are presented for a full coverage film cooling arrangement which simulates a portion of a gas turbine engine, with appropriate streamwise static pressure gradient and varying blowing ratio along the length of the contraction passage which contains the cooling hole arrangement. Film cooling holes are sharp-edged, streamwise inclined at 20° with respect to the liner surface, and are arranged with a length to diameter ratio of 8.35. The film cooling holes in adjacent streamwise rows are staggered with respect to each other. Data are provided for turbulent film cooling, contraction ratios of 1 and 4, blowing ratios (at the test section entrance) of 2.0, 5.0, and 10.0, coolant Reynolds numbers Refc from 10,000 to 12,000, freestream temperatures from 75°C to 115°C, a film hole diameter of 7 mm, and density ratios from 1.15 to 1.25. Changes to X/D and Y/D, non-dimensional streamwise and spanwise film cooling hole spacings, with Y/D of 3, 5, and 7, and with X/D of 6 and 18, are considered. For all X/D = 6 hole spacings, only a slight increase in effectiveness (local, line-averaged, and spatially-averaged) values are present as the blowing ratio increases from 2.0 to 5.0, with no significant differences when the blowing ratio increases from 5.0 to 10.0. This lack of dependence on blowing ratio indicates a condition where excess coolant is injected into the mainstream flow, a situation not evidenced by data obtained with the X/D = 18 hole spacing arrangement. With this sparse array configuration, local and spatially-averaged effectiveness generally increase continually as the blowing ratio becomes larger. Line-averaged and spatially-averaged heat transfer coefficients are generally higher at each streamwise location, also with larger variations with streamwise development, with the X/D = 6 hole array, compared to the X/D = 18 array.

Full-Coverage Film Cooling: Film Effectiveness and Heat Transfer Coefficients for Dense and Sparse Hole Arrays at Different Blowing Ratios

2012 ◽  
Vol 134 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Phil Ligrani ◽  
Matt Goodro ◽  
Mike Fox ◽  
Hee-Koo Moon
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Film Cooling ◽  
Hole Array ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Heat Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Blowing Ratio ◽  
Full Coverage ◽  
Cooling Hole ◽  
Hole Arrays ◽  
Film Cooling Holes

Experimental results are presented for a full coverage film cooling arrangement which simulates a portion of a gas turbine engine, with appropriate streamwise static pressure gradient and varying blowing ratio along the length of the contraction passage which contains the cooling hole arrangement. Film cooling holes are sharp-edged, streamwise inclined at 20 deg with respect to the liner surface, and are arranged with a length to diameter ratio of 8.35. The film cooling holes in adjacent streamwise rows are staggered with respect to each other. Data are provided for turbulent film cooling, contraction ratios of 1 and 4, blowing ratios (at the test section entrance) of 2.0, 5.0, and 10.0, coolant Reynolds numbers Refc from 10,000 to 12,000 (for a blowing ratio of 5.0), freestream temperatures from 75 °C to 115 °C, a film hole diameter of 7 mm, and density ratios from 1.15 to 1.25. Changes to X/D and Y/D, nondimensional streamwise and spanwise film cooling hole spacings, with Y/D of 3, 5, and 7, and with X/D of 6 and 18, are considered. For all X/D=6 hole spacings, only a slight increase in effectiveness (local, line-averaged, and spatially-averaged) values are present as the blowing ratio increases from 2.0 to 5.0, with no significant differences when the blowing ratio increases from 5.0 to 10.0. This lack of dependence on blowing ratio indicates a condition where excess coolant is injected into the mainstream flow, a situation not evidenced by data obtained with the X/D=18 hole spacing arrangement. With this sparse array configuration, local and spatially-averaged effectiveness generally increase continually as the blowing ratio becomes larger. Line-averaged and spatially-averaged heat transfer coefficients are generally higher at each streamwise location, also with larger variations with streamwise development, with the X/D=6 hole array, compared to the X/D=18 array.

Effects of a Reacting Cross-Stream on Turbine Film Cooling

2010 ◽  
Vol 132 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wesly S. Anderson ◽  
Marc D. Polanka ◽  
Joseph Zelina ◽  
Dave S. Evans ◽  
Scott D. Stouffer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Film Cooling ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Cylindrical Hole ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Secondary Combustion ◽  
Cooling Hole ◽  
Reactor Operating

Film cooling plays a critical role in providing effective thermal protection to components in modern gas turbine engines. A significant effort has been undertaken over the last 40 years to improve the distribution of coolant and to ensure that the airfoil is protected by this coolant from the hot gases in the freestream. This film, under conditions with high fuel-air ratios, may actually be detrimental to the underlying metal. The presence of unburned fuel from an upstream combustor may interact with this oxygen rich film coolant jet resulting in secondary combustion. The completion of the reactions can increase the gas temperature locally resulting in higher heat transfer to the airfoil directly along the path line of the film coolant jet. This secondary combustion could damage the turbine blade, resulting in costly repair, reduction in turbine life, or even engine failure. However, knowledge of film cooling in a reactive flow is very limited. The current study explores the interaction of cooling flow from typical cooling holes with the exhaust of a fuel-rich well-stirred reactor operating at high temperatures over a flat plate. Surface temperatures, heat flux, and heat transfer coefficients are calculated for a variety of reactor fuel-to-air ratios, cooling hole geometries, and blowing ratios. Emphasis is placed on the difference between a normal cylindrical hole, an inclined cylindrical hole, and a fan-shaped cooling hole. When both air and nitrogen are injected through the cooling holes, the changes in surface temperature can be directly correlated with the presence of the reaction. Photographs of the localized burning are presented to verify the extent and locations of the reaction.

Effects of Double Wall Cooling Configuration and Conditions on Performance of Full-Coverage Effusion Cooling

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Rogers ◽  
Zhong Ren ◽  
Warren Buzzard ◽  
Brian Sweeney ◽  
Nathan Tinker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Film Cooling ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Hole Array ◽  
Adiabatic Wall ◽  
Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Film Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Blowing Ratio ◽  
Full Coverage ◽  
Cooling Hole ◽  
Double Wall

Experimental results are presented for a double wall cooling arrangement which simulates a portion of a combustor liner of a gas turbine engine. The results are collected using a new experimental facility designed to test full-coverage film cooling and impingement cooling effectiveness using either cross flow, impingement, or a combination of both to supply the film cooling flow. The present experiment primarily deals with cross flow supplied full-coverage film cooling for a sparse film cooling hole array that has not been previously tested. Data are provided for turbulent film cooling, contraction ratio of 1, blowing ratios ranging from 2.7 to 7.5, coolant Reynolds numbers based on film cooling hole diameter of about 5000–20,000, and mainstream temperature step during transient tests of 14 °C. The film cooling hole array consists of a film cooling hole diameter of 6.4 mm with nondimensional streamwise (X/de) and spanwise (Y/de) film cooling hole spacing of 15 and 4, respectively. The film cooling holes are streamwise inclined at an angle of 25 deg with respect to the test plate surface and have adjacent streamwise rows staggered with respect to each other. Data illustrating the effects of blowing ratio on adiabatic film cooling effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient are presented. For the arrangement and conditions considered, heat transfer coefficients generally increase with streamwise development and increase with increasing blowing ratio. The adiabatic film cooling effectiveness is determined from measurements of adiabatic wall temperature, coolant stagnation temperature, and mainstream recovery temperature. The adiabatic wall temperature and the adiabatic film cooling effectiveness generally decrease and increase, respectively, with streamwise position, and generally decrease and increase, respectively, as blowing ratio becomes larger.

Effects of a Reacting Cross-Stream on Turbine Film Cooling

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wesly S. Anderson ◽  
Marc D. Polanka ◽  
Joseph Zelina ◽  
Dave S. Evans ◽  
Scott D. Stouffer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Film Cooling ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Cylindrical Hole ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Secondary Combustion ◽  
Cooling Hole ◽  
Reactor Operating

Film cooling plays a critical role in providing effective thermal protection to components in modern gas turbine engines. A significant effort has been undertaken over the last 40 years to improve the distribution of coolant and to ensure that the airfoil is protected by this coolant from the hot gases in the freestream. This film, under conditions with high fuel air ratios, may actually be detrimental to the underlying metal. The presence of unburned fuel from an upstream combustor may interact with this oxygen rich film coolant jet resulting in secondary combustion. The completion of the reactions can increase the gas temperature locally resulting in higher heat transfer to the airfoil directly along the path line of the film coolant jet. This secondary combustion could damage the turbine blade, resulting in costly repair, reduction in turbine life, or even engine failure. However, knowledge of film cooling in a reactive flow is very limited. The current study explores the interaction of cooling flow from typical cooling holes with the exhaust of a fuel-rich well-stirred reactor operating at high temperatures over a flat plate. Surface temperatures, heat flux, and heat transfer coefficients are calculated for a variety of reactor fuel-to-air ratios, cooling hole geometries, and blowing ratios. Emphasis is placed on the difference between a normal cylindrical hole, an inclined cylindrical hole, and a fan shaped cooling hole. When both air and nitrogen are injected through the cooling holes, the changes in surface temperature can be directly correlated to the presence of the reaction. Photographs of the localized burning are presented to verify the extent and locations of the reaction.

scholarly journals Full Coverage Discrete Hole Wall Cooling: Cooling Effectiveness

1984 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Andrews ◽  
M. L. Gupta ◽  
M. C. Mkpadi
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Film Cooling ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Coolant Temperature ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Film Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Full Coverage ◽  
Hole Wall

The development of a test facility for investigating full coverage discrete hole wall cooling for gas turbine combustion chamber wall cooling is described. A low temperature test condition of 750K mainstream temperature and 300K coolant temperature was used to investigate the influence of coolant flow rate at a constant cross flow Mach number. Practical combustion conditions of 2100K combustor temperature and 700K coolant temperature are investigated to establish the validity of applying the low temperature results to practical conditions. For both situations a heat balance programme, taking into account the heat transfer within the wall was used to compute the film heat transfer coefficients. The mixing of the coolant air with the mainstream gases was studied through boundary layer temperature and CO2 profiles. It was shown that entrainment of hot flame gases between the injection holes resulted in a very low ‘adiabatic’ film cooling effectiveness.

Effects of Internal and Film Cooling on the Overall Effectiveness of a Fully Cooled Turbine Airfoil With Shaped Holes

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Chavez ◽  
Thomas N. Slavens ◽  
David Bogard
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Film Cooling ◽  
Internal Heat ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Engine Component ◽  
Adiabatic Effectiveness ◽  
Internal Heat Transfer ◽  
Effectiveness Data ◽  
Overall Effectiveness

Adiabatic and overall effectiveness levels were measured in a closed loop linear test section using an inlet Reynolds number of 120,000 for an airfoil model at its designed inlet angle of −30.1°. Two models were used in the study — one made of a low thermal conductivity foam, and one of a higher thermal conductivity material which allowed for the Biot number of the second model to match that of the engine component. Since the ratio of the external to internal heat transfer coefficients were also matched to the engine component, the second model was thermally scaled to the actual engine component, allowing for the measurement of the overall effectiveness of the airfoil. The effects of the internal and film cooling on the overall effectiveness were examined in detail. The cooling configuration consisted of 9 rows of shaped holes, with 5 rows of conical shaped holes at the leading edge, one laidback fan-shaped gill-row, and three laidback fan-shaped holes positioned farther downstream. Furthermore, the model contained three internal coolant passages including an impingement cavity and a serpentine passage. The internal passages were lined with internal rib turbulators to enhance the internal heat transfer coefficient. This study had two main goals. First, assess the performance of a fully-cooled airfoil with shaped holes through measurements of adiabatic, internal, and overall effectiveness levels. Second, examine the effects of shaped holes and the utilization of a conduction correction on the capability to predict overall effectiveness with a simple 1D model. It was found that although the large spacing of the holes in the showerhead region produced low adiabatic effectiveness levels, the through-hole convection and impingement provided adequate levels of cooling, resulting in relatively uniform overall effectiveness levels. It was also found that although the shaped film-cooling holes have a significant effect on the 3D conduction throughout the model, the overall effectiveness is still well predicted between rows of holes, but only when a significant conduction correction to the adiabatic effectiveness data is applied. This study highlights the necessity of applied conduction corrections to adiabatic effectiveness data collected with IR thermography, highlights the use of shaped holes in the showerhead region, and confirms the utility of 1D predictive models for overall effectiveness, even for models utilizing shaped holes.

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