Synthetic Jet Fuel Combustion: Experimental and Kinetic Modeling Study

Fischer-Tropsch liquid fuels synthesized from syngas, also called synthetic paraffinic jet fuel (SPK), can be used to replace conventional petroleum-derived fuels in jet engines. Whereas currently syngas is mostly produced from coal of natural gas, its production from biomass has been reported. These synthetic liquid fuels contain a very high fraction of iso-alkanes, while conventional jet fuels contain large fractions of n-alkanes, cycloalkanes (naphtenes), and aromatics. In that contest, a jet-stirred reactor (JSR) was used to study the kinetics of oxidation of a 100% SPK and a 50/50 SPK/Jet A-1mixture over a broad range of experimental conditions (10 atm, 560 to 1030K, equivalence ratios of 0.5 to 2, 1000 ppm of fuel). The temperature was varied step-wise, keeping the mean residence time in the JSR constant and equal to 1s. Three combustion regimes were observed over this temperature range: the cool-flame oxidation regime (560–740K), the negative temperature coefficient (NTC) regime (660–740K), and the high-temperature oxidation regime (>740K). More than 15 species were identified and measured by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (CG/MS), flame ionization detection (FID), and thermal conductivity detection (TCD). The results consisting of concentration profiles of reactants, stable intermediates and products as a function of temperature showed similar kinetics of oxidation for the fuels considered, although the 100% SPK was more reactive. A surrogate detailed chemical kinetic reaction mechanism was used to model these experiments and ignition experiments taken from the literature. The kinetic modeling showed reasonable agreement between the data and the computations whereas model improvements could be achieved using more appropriate surrogate model fuels. Kinetic computations involving reaction paths analyses and sensitivity analyses were used to interpret the results.

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Experimental and Modeling Study of the Combustion of Synthetic Jet Fuels: Naphtenic Cut and Blend With a GtL Jet Fuel

Volume 3: Coal, Biomass and Alternative Fuels; Cycle Innovations; Electric Power; Industrial and Cogeneration; Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems ◽

10.1115/gt2016-56086 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Philippe Dagaut ◽

Pascal Diévart

Keyword(s):

Air Transportation ◽

Chemical Kinetic ◽

Jet Fuel ◽

Synthetic Jet ◽

Sensitivity Analyses ◽

Jet Fuels ◽

Kinetic Reaction ◽

Experimental Database ◽

Initial Fuel ◽

Kinetics Of

Research on the production and combustion of synthetic jet fuels has recently gained importance because of their potential for addressing security of supply and sustainable air transportation challenges. The combustion of a 100% naphtenic cut that fits with typical chemical composition of products coming from biomass or coal liquefaction (C12.64H23.64; M=175.32 g.mol−1; H/C=1.87; DCN=39; density=863.1 g.L−1) and a 50% vol. mixture with Gas to Liquid from Shell (mixture: C11.54H23.35; M=161.83 g.mol−1; H/C=2.02; DCN=46; density=800.3 g.L−1) were studied in a jetstirred reactor under the same conditions (temperature, 550–1150 K; pressure, 10 bar; equivalence ratio, 0.5, 1, and 2; initial fuel concentration, 1000 ppm). Surrogate model-fuels were designed based on fuel composition and properties for simulating the kinetics of oxidation of these fuels. We used new model-fuels consisting of mixtures of n-decane, decalin, tetralin, 2-methylheptane, 3-methylheptane, n-propyl cyclohexane, and n-propylbenzene. The detailed chemical kinetic reaction mechanism proposed was validated using the entire experimental database obtained in the present work and for the oxidation of pure GtL, we used previous results. Kinetic computations involving reaction paths analyses and sensitivity analyses were used to interpret the results.

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Kinetics of Oxidation of a Synthetic Jet Fuel in a Jet-Stirred Reactor: Experimental and Modeling Study

Energy & Fuels ◽

10.1021/ef100751q ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 24 (9) ◽

pp. 4904-4911 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

A. Mzé-Ahmed ◽

K. Hadj-Ali ◽

P. Diévart ◽

P. Dagaut

Keyword(s):

Jet Fuel ◽

Synthetic Jet ◽

Kinetics Of Oxidation ◽

Stirred Reactor ◽

Kinetics Of ◽

Modeling Study

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Chemical Analysis of Combustion Products From a High-Pressure Gas Turbine Combustor Rig Fueled by Jet A1 Fuel and a Fischer-Tropsch-Based Fuel

Volume 1: Combustion and Fuels, Education ◽

10.1115/gt2006-90600 ◽

2006 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Fredrik Hermann ◽

Jens Klingmann ◽

Rolf Gabrielsson ◽

Jo¨rgen R. Pedersen ◽

Jim O. Olsson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gas Chromatography ◽

Gas Turbine ◽

Combustion Products ◽

Jet Fuel ◽

Synthetic Jet ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Gas Turbine Combustor ◽

Fischer Tropsch ◽

Synthetic Fuel

A comparative experimental investigation has been performed, comparing the emissions from a synthetic jet fuel and from Jet A1. In the investigation, the unburned hydrocarbons were analyzed chemically and the regulated emissions of NOx, CO and HC were measured. All combustion tests were performed under elevated pressures in a gas turbine combustor rig. A Swedish company, Oroboros AB, has developed a novel clean synthetic jet fuel, LeanJet®. The fuel is produced synthetically from synthesis gas by a Fischer-Tropsch process. Except for the density, the fuel conforms to the Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels. The low density is due to the lack of aromatics and polyaromatics. Organic emissions from the gas turbine combustor rig were collected by adsorption sampling and analyzed chemically. Both the fuels and the organic emissions were analyzed by gas chromatography/flame ionization (GC/FID) complemented with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Under the operating conditions investigated, no significant differences were found for the regulated emissions, except for emission of CO from the synthetic fuel, which, at leaner conditions, was one-quarter of that measured for Jet A1. Detailed analysis of the organic compounds showed that the emissions from both fuels were dominated by fuel alkanes and a significant amount of naphthalene. It was also found that Jet A1 produced a much higher amount of benzene than the synthetic fuel.

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Kinetics of Oxidation of a 100% Gas-to-Liquid Synthetic Jet Fuel and a Mixture GtL/1-Hexanol in a Jet-Stirred Reactor: Experimental and Modeling Study

Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power ◽

10.1115/1.4028259 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 137 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Amir Mzé-Ahmed ◽

Philippe Dagaut ◽

Guillaume Dayma ◽

Pascal Diévart

Keyword(s):

Current Model ◽

Chemical Kinetic ◽

Synthetic Jet ◽

Sensitivity Analyses ◽

Jet Fuels ◽

Research Activities ◽

Stirred Reactor ◽

Auto Ignition ◽

Using Data ◽

Kinetics Of

Research activities on the combustion of synthetic jet fuels and bioderived jet fuels have increased notably over the last 10 yr in order to solve the challenging reduction of dependence of air transportation on petroleum. Within the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme, the combustion of a 100% GtL from Shell and a 80/20% vol. GtL/1-hexanol blend were studied in a jet-stirred reactor (JSR). This synthetic GtL fuel mainly contains n-alkanes, iso-alkanes, and cyclo-alkanes. We studied the oxidation of these alternative jet fuels under the same conditions (temperature, 550–1150 K; pressure, 10 bar; equivalence ratio, 0.5–2; initial fuel concentration, 1000 ppm). For simulating the oxidation kinetics of these fuels we used a new surrogate mixture consisting of n-dodecane, 3-methylheptane, n-propylcyclohexane, and 1-hexanol. A detailed chemical kinetic reaction mechanism was developed and validated by comparison with the experimental results obtained in a JSR. The current model was also tested for the auto-ignition of the GtL fuel under shock tubes conditions (φ = 1 and P = 20 atm) using data from the literature. Kinetic computations involving reaction paths analyses and sensitivity analyses were used to interpret the results. The general findings are that the GtL and GtL/hexanol blend have very similar reactivity to Jet A-1, which is important since GtL is a drop-in fuel that should have similar performance to the Jet A-1 baseline and 1-hexanol should not significantly affect the reactivity if it is to be used as an additive.

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Kinetics of Oxidation of a Reformulated Jet Fuel (1-Hexanol/Jet A-1) in a Jet-Stirred Reactor: Experimental and Modeling Study

Combustion Science and Technology ◽

10.1080/00102202.2012.663994 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 184 (7-8) ◽

pp. 1039-1050 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

A. Mzé-Ahmed ◽

K. Hadj-Ali ◽

P. Diévart ◽

P. Dagaut

Keyword(s):

Jet Fuel ◽

Kinetics Of Oxidation ◽

Stirred Reactor ◽

Kinetics Of ◽

Modeling Study

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On the Low-Temperature Oxidation of Processed Peat

Journal of Fire Sciences ◽

10.1177/073490419701500206 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 162-171 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

J.C. Jones

Keyword(s):

Low Temperature ◽

Low Temperature Oxidation ◽

Temperature Oxidation ◽

Kinetics Of Oxidation ◽

The Difference ◽

Kinetics Of

Small amounts of processed peat have been examined in a microcalorimeter. Kinetics of oxidation are different from those previously re ported for the same material using much larger samples. The difference is at least in part due to loss of volatiles during the initial conditioning of a sample in the microcalorimeter.

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Combustion of Synthetic Jet Fuel: Chemical Kinetic Modeling and Uncertainty Analysis

Journal of Propulsion and Power ◽

10.2514/1.b36217 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 350-359 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Andrew L. Wagner ◽

Paul E. Yelvington ◽

Jianghuai Cai ◽

William H. Green

Keyword(s):

Uncertainty Analysis ◽

Kinetic Modeling ◽

Chemical Kinetic ◽

Jet Fuel ◽

Synthetic Jet

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Kinetics of Oxidation of a 100% Gas-to-Liquid Synthetic Jet Fuel and a Mixture GTL/1-Hexanol in a Jet-Stirred Reactor: Experimental and Modeling Study

Volume 3A: Coal, Biomass and Alternative Fuels; Cycle Innovations; Electric Power; Industrial and Cogeneration ◽

10.1115/gt2014-25077 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Amir Mzé-Ahmed ◽

Philippe Dagaut ◽

Guillaume Dayma ◽

Pascal Diévart

Keyword(s):

Current Model ◽

Chemical Kinetic ◽

Synthetic Jet ◽

Sensitivity Analyses ◽

Jet Fuels ◽

Research Activities ◽

Stirred Reactor ◽

Initial Fuel ◽

Using Data ◽

Kinetics Of

Research activities on the combustion of synthetic jet fuels and bio-derived jet fuels have increased notably over the last 10 years in order to solve the challenging reduction of dependence of air transportation on petroleum. Within the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme, the combustion of a 100% GtL from Shell and a 80/20% vol. GtL/1-hexanol blend were studied in a jet-stirred reactor (JSR). This synthetic GtL fuel mainly contains n-alkanes, iso-alkanes, and cyclo-alkanes. We studied the oxidation of these alternatives jet fuels under the same conditions (temperature, 550–1150 K; pressure, 10 bar; equivalence ratio, 0.5–2; initial fuel concentration, 1000 ppm). For simulating the oxidation kinetics of these fuels we used a new surrogate mixture consisting of n-dodecane, 3-methylheptane, n-propylcyclohexane, and 1-hexanol. A detailed chemical kinetic reaction mechanism was developed and validated by comparison with the experimental results obtained in a jet-stirred reactor. The current model was also tested for the autoignition of the GtL fuel under shock tubes conditions (φ = 1 and P = 20 atm) using data from the literature. Kinetic computations involving reaction paths analyses and sensitivity analyses were used to interpret the results. The general findings are that the GTL and GTL/hexanol blend have very similar reactivity to Jet A-1, which is important since GTL is a drop-in fuel that should have similar performance to the Jet A-1 baseline and 1-hexanol should not significantly affect the reactivity if it is to be used as an additive.

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High Temperature Oxidation of Liquid Cu-Ti Alloy at 1473K

Defect and Diffusion Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.283-286.194 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 283-286 ◽

pp. 194-199

Author(s):

Yasushi Sazaki ◽

Hiroki Tomita ◽

Mitsutaka Hino

Keyword(s):

Oxidation Rate ◽

Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽

Ti Alloy ◽

Titanium Oxides ◽

Temperature Oxidation ◽

Kinetics Of Oxidation ◽

Inductively Coupled ◽

Cu Alloy ◽

Kinetics Of ◽

Oxidation Theory

The kinetics of oxidation of liquid Cu-0.5mass%Ti alloy at 1473K in CO2-CO gas mixture has been investigated by varying the oxygen potential. The pO2 is set to be enough to oxidize Ti in liquid Cu-Ti alloy but not for the oxidation of liquid Cu. Alloy samples were taken with a quartz tube during the experiments and Ti and O contents in the samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma method, and infrared absorption method. The phases of the formed titanium oxide layers were consisted of several different titanium oxides and were identified by using EBSD. The oxidation rate was evaluated based on the change of the Ti content in the Cu-Ti melts. The apparent overall oxidation rate is reasonably represented by the parabolic rate law. This oxidation behaviour was well explained based on the multi-layered oxidation theory.

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