scholarly journals Stability Problems for Deep-Water Gas Pipelines: The “Blue Stream” Project

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. V. Kharionovsky
Keyword(s):  
Deep Water ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Offshore Pipelines ◽  
The World ◽  
Buckle Propagation ◽  
Bottom Zone ◽  
New Research ◽  
Water Gas ◽  
Gas Pressures

OAO “GAZPROM” in collaboration with SNAM and Saipem have developed the first stage of the “Blue Stream” Project, which when completed will be unique for the world gas industry in terms of its parameters and route conditions. During this feasibility stage of the project the following new Research and development tasks were addressed: - deep water collapse problems (the depths reach 2150 m), including buckle propagation; - the problem of pipeline protection against an H2S environment (in the near bottom zone H2S concentration reaches more than 14 mg/1); - the problem of installing a reliable pipeline having a diameter of 610×31.8 mm at gas pressures of 25 Mpa while taking into account the subsea currents; - construction problems associated with the specified parameters. Solving such problems required an elaborate and complex set of design tasks and experiments with materials and construction conditions. Special requirements were developed for the pipes and fittings, external anti-corrosion coatings, and the cathodic protection of the pipeline. New procedural documents were developed for deep water pipelining that included: the calculation for determining the strength and stability of the offshore pipelines; an instruction manual for the onshore section of the pipeline designed to carry a gas pressure of 25 Mpa; the necessary software for thermal and hydraulic calculations for the gas pipeline under extremely high pressures.

New Generation of Heavy Wall Thicknesses Line Pipes for HPHT and Ultra-Deep Water Applications

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Crippa ◽  
Lorenzo Motta ◽  
Alessandro Paggi ◽  
Emanuele Paravicini Bagliani ◽  
Alessandro Elitropi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Rolling Process ◽  
Corrosion Properties ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
New Generation

Oil and Gas industry in the last decades has increased the use and need of heavy wall thickness line pipes, in particular for onshore / offshore high pressures and high temperatures (HP/HT) and offshore deep water / ultra-deep water applications. The paper presents the results achieved by Tenaris on seamless line pipes in grades X65/X70, according to API 5L / ISO 3183, with wall thickness in a range from 40 to 60 mm and diameter between 6 5/8” and 16”, produced by hot rolling process followed by quenching and tempering. Such line pipes are able to withstand very demanding conditions, like sour environment, very high pressure and wide temperature range. In this publication, the main outcomes of laboratory testing activities on the mentioned materials will be presented as part of heavy wall line pipe qualification. For this purpose, a special testing program, including mechanical and corrosion tests, has been executed. Material demonstrated an excellent behaviour, exhibiting both mechanical, toughness and stress corrosion properties suitable for the envisaged harsh applications.

Jiangnan Style

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Wickham
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
The World ◽  
Transnational Connections ◽  
New Research ◽  
Different Parts

Building on impressive new research into the concept of a ‘global middle ages’, this chapter offers insights into how economic formations developed around the world. Drawing on new research on both Chinese and Mediterranean economies in the ‘medieval’ period, it compares structures of economy and exchange in very different parts of the world. The point of such comparisons is not simply to find instances of global economic flows but to understand the logic of medieval economic activity and its intersections with power and culture; and, in so doing, to remind historians that economic structures, transnational connections, and the imbrications of economy and politics do not arrive only with modernity, nor is the shape of the ‘modern’ global economy the only pattern known to humankind.

Assessment of hydrate flow obstacles during the initial restarting period of deep-water gas wells

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiguo Zhang ◽  
Hao Jin ◽  
Qingjie Du ◽  
Kai Xie ◽  
Binbin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Water ◽  
Gas Wells ◽  
Water Gas

Tubarão Martelo Field Riser System: Shallow Water Challenging

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elton J. B. Ribeiro ◽  
Zhimin Tan ◽  
Yucheng Hou ◽  
Yanqiu Zhang ◽  
Andre Iwane
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Vertical Motion ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
System Configuration ◽  
Wave Load ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Campos Basin ◽  
Water Problem

Currently the oil and gas industry is focusing on challenging deep water projects, particularly in Campos Basin located coast off Brazil. However, there are a lot of prolific reservoirs located in shallow water, which need to be developed and they are located in area very far from the coast, where there aren’t pipelines facilities to export oil production, in this case is necessary to use a floating production unit able to storage produced oil, such as a FPSO. So, the riser system configuration should be able to absorb FPSO’s dynamic response due to wave load and avoid damage at touch down zone, in this case is recommended to use compliant riser configuration, such as Lazy Wave, Tethered Wave or Lazy S. In addition to, the proposed FPSO for Tubarão Martelo development is a type VLCC (Very Large Crude Carrier) using external turret moored system, which cause large vertical motion at riser connection and it presents large static offset. Also are expected to install 26 risers and umbilicals hanging off on the turret, this large number of risers and umbilicals has driven the main concerns to clashing and clearance requirement since Lazy-S configuration was adopted. In this paper, some numerical model details and recommendations will be presented, which became a feasible challenging risers system in shallow water. For instance, to solve clashing problem it is strictly recommended for modeling MWA (Mid Water Arch) gutter and bend stiffener at top I-tube interface, this recommendation doesn’t matter in deep water, but for shallow water problem is very important. Also is important to use ballast modules in order to solve clashing problems.

A Comparison of Double Block and Bleed Technologies

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angus Bowie
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
The World ◽  
Maintenance Activities ◽  
True Definition ◽  
Plant Shutdown

Double Block and Bleed is a term often used in the oil and gas industry to define a level of isolation sufficient to perform maintenance activities. The true definition relates to incumbent valves providing two proven levels of isolation against the outboard pressure to permit breaching of containment in the isolated pipe. This paper assesses how temporary isolation devices can provide equivalent isolation where incumbent valves do not exist at appropriate locations in the system. It reviews the different interpretations of Double Block and Bleed used within the industry and compares how different isolation devices are assessed in relation to the level of isolation they provide. It will reference several examples from around the world of where temporary isolation devices have been used to replace valves and perform repairs in trunk pipelines without depressurising the whole pipeline. It will also cover examples of isolating live process pipe to perform maintenance activities outside plant shutdown.

Flow Assurance in Deep-Water Gas Pipelines: Locating Hydrate Plugging Position in a Fast Way

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Yu ◽  
Cheng Hui ◽  
Chao Wen Sun ◽  
Zhan Ling Zou ◽  
Bin Lu Zhuo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Pipe Wall ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Flow Assurance ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Hydrate Layer ◽  
Hydrate Deposition ◽  
Water Gas

Abstract Hydrate-associated issues are of great significance to the oil and gas sector when advancing the development of offshore reservoir. Gas hydrate is easy to form under the condition featuring depressed temperature and elevated pressure within deep-water gas pipeline. Once hydrate deposition is formed within the pipelines, the energy transmission efficiency will be greatly reduced. An accurate prediction of hydrate-obstruction-development behavior will assist flow-assurance engineers to cultivate resource-conserving and environment-friendly strategies for managing hydrate. Based on the long-distance transportation characteristics of deep-water gas pipeline, a quantitative prediction method is expected to explain the hydrate-obstruction-formation behavior in deep-water gas pipeline throughout the production of deep-water gas well. Through a deep analysis of the features of hydrate shaping and precipitation at various locations inside the system, the advised method can quantitatively foresee the dangerous position and intensity of hydrate obstruction. The time from the start of production to the dramatic change of pressure drop brought about by the deposition of hydrate attached to the pipe wall is defined as the Hydrate Plugging Alarm Window (HPAW), which provides guidance for the subsequent hydrate treatment. Case study of deep-water gas pipeline constructed in the South China Sea is performed with the advised method. The simulation outcomes show that hydrates shape and deposit along pipe wall, constructing an endlessly and inconsistently developing hydrate layer, which restricts the pipe, raises the pressure drop, and ultimately leads to obstruction. At the area of 700m-3200m away from the pipeline inlet, the hydrate layer develops all the more swiftly, which points to the region of high risk of obstruction. As the gas-flow rate increases, the period needed for the system to shape hydrate obstruction becomes less. The narrower the internal diameter of the pipeline is, the more severe risk of hydrate obstruction will occur. The HPAW is 100 days under the case conditions. As the concentration of hydrate inhibitor rises, the region inside the system that tallies with the hydrate phase equilibrium conditions progressively reduces and the hydrate deposition rate slows down. The advised method will support operators to define the location of hydrate inhibitor injection within a shorter period in comparison to the conventional method. This work will deliver key instructions for locating the hydrate plugging position in a fast way in addition to solving the problem of hydrate flow assurance in deep-water gas pipelines at a reduced cost.

Case History: Lessons learned From Retrieval of Coiled Tubing Stuck by Massive Hydrate Plug When Well Testing in an Ultra Deep Water Gas Well in Mexico

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Gerardo Vallejo ◽  
Aciel Olivares ◽  
Pablo Crespo Hdez ◽  
Eduardo R. Roman ◽  
Claudio Rogerio Tigre Maia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Water ◽  
Case History ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Well Testing ◽  
Gas Well ◽  
Coiled Tubing ◽  
Hydrate Plug ◽  
Water Gas

scholarly journals WAS THERE A 17TH CENTURY CRISIS IN SPANISH AMERICA?

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert S. Klein ◽  
Sergio T. Serrano Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Spanish America ◽  
Historical Literature ◽  
The World ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
New Research

AbstractTraditional historical literature has stressed a generalised crisis throughout the world in the 17th century. First proposed for Europe with its numerous dynastic, religious and state conflicts, it has now been expanded to include Asia and the Middle East as well. It was also assumed that there was a significant crisis in the Americas, a theme which until recently has dominated the traditional literature. The claim that there was such a crisis was based on a series of classic studies by Earl J. Hamilton, Chaunu and Borah, among others. But new research has challenged this hypothesis and we will examine both these new studies as well as offering our own research findings on this subject.

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