Using a Ternary Diagram to Display a System's Evolving Energy Distribution

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 216-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bob Brazzle ◽  
Anne Tapp
Author(s):  
Tamotsu Ohno

The energy distribution in an electron; beam from an electron gun provided with a biased Wehnelt cylinder was measured by a retarding potential analyser. All the measurements were carried out with a beam of small angular divergence (<3xl0-4 rad) to eliminate the apparent increase of energy width as pointed out by Ichinokawa.The cross section of the beam from a gun with a tungsten hairpin cathode varies as shown in Fig.1a with the bias voltage Vg. The central part of the beam was analysed. An example of the integral curve as well as the energy spectrum is shown in Fig.2. The integral width of the spectrum ΔEi varies with Vg as shown in Fig.1b The width ΔEi is smaller than the Maxwellian width near the cut-off. As |Vg| is decreased, ΔEi increases beyond the Maxwellian width, reaches a maximum and then decreases. Note that the cross section of the beam enlarges with decreasing |Vg|.


2008 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-128
Author(s):  
J. F. Al-Sharab ◽  
J. E. Wittig ◽  
G. Bertero ◽  
T. Yamashita ◽  
J. Bentley ◽  
...  

1979 ◽  
Vol 40 (C7) ◽  
pp. C7-385-C7-386
Author(s):  
S. Bourquard ◽  
J. M. Mayor ◽  
P. Kocian

1982 ◽  
Vol 43 (C9) ◽  
pp. C9-359-C9-362
Author(s):  
B. Elouadi ◽  
M. Ouchetto ◽  
Ch. Garrigou-Lagrange

1987 ◽  
Vol 48 (C6) ◽  
pp. C6-141-C6-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Komuro ◽  
T. Kato

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitrii Moldarev ◽  
Elbruz M. Baba ◽  
Marcos V. Moro ◽  
Chang C. You ◽  
Smagul Zh. Karazhanov ◽  
...  

It has been recently demonstrated that yttrium oxyhydride(YHO) films can exhibit reversible photochromic properties when exposed to illumination at ambient conditions. This switchable optical propertyenables their utilization in many technological applications, such as smart windows, sensors, goggles, medical devices, etc. However, how the composition of the films affects their optical properties is not fully clear and therefore demands a straightforward investigation. In this work, the composition of YHO films manufactured by reactive magnetron sputtering under different conditions is deduced in a ternary diagram from Time-of-Flight Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ToF-ERDA). The results suggest that stable compounds are formed with a specificchemical formula – YH<sub>2-δ</sub>O<sub>δ</sub>. In addition, optical and electrical properties of the films are investigated, and a correlation with their compositions is established. The corresponding photochromic response is found in a specific oxygen concentration range (0.45 < δ < 1.5) with maximum and minimum of magnitude on the lower and higher border, respectively.


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