scholarly journals Air Conduction, Bone Conduction, and Underwater Hearing Thresholds in Man

1968 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 389-389
Author(s):  
Paul F. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Bone Conduction ◽  
Hearing Thresholds ◽  
Underwater Hearing ◽  
Air Conduction

scholarly journals Experimental Analysis of the Mechanism of Hearing under Water

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shai Chordekar ◽  
Liat Kishon-Rabin ◽  
Leonid Kriksunov ◽  
Cahtia Adelman ◽  
Haim Sohmer
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Sound Source ◽  
Experimental Analysis ◽  
Bone Conduction ◽  
Human Skull ◽  
Hearing Thresholds ◽  
Human Hearing ◽  
Underwater Hearing ◽  
Head Neck ◽  
Air Conduction

The mechanism of human hearing under water is debated. Some suggest it is by air conduction (AC), others by bone conduction (BC), and others by a combination of AC and BC. A clinical bone vibrator applied to soft tissue sites on the head, neck, and thorax also elicits hearing by a mechanism called soft tissue conduction (STC) or nonosseous BC. The present study was designed to test whether underwater hearing at low intensities is by AC or by osseous BC based on bone vibrations or by nonosseous BC (STC). Thresholds of normal hearing participants to bone vibrator stimulation with their forehead in air were recorded and again when forehead and bone vibrator were under water. A vibrometer detected vibrations of a dry human skull in all similar conditions (in air and under water) but not when water was the intermediary between the sound source and the skull forehead. Therefore, the intensities required to induce vibrations of the dry skull in water were significantly higher than the underwater hearing thresholds of the participants, under conditions when hearing by AC and osseous BC is not likely. The results support the hypothesis that hearing under water at low sound intensities may be attributed to nonosseous BC (STC).

Comparing intermediate-term hearing results of NiTiBOND and Nitinol prostheses in stapes surgery

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
A Koukkoullis ◽  
I Gerlinger ◽  
A Kovács ◽  
Z Szakács ◽  
Z Piski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Clinical Success ◽  
Bone Conduction ◽  
Hearing Results ◽  
Bone Conduction Threshold ◽  
Hearing Thresholds ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Air Conduction

Abstract Objective To statistically analyse the hearing thresholds of two cohorts undergoing stapedotomy for otosclerosis with two different prostheses. Method A retrospective study was conducted comparing NiTiBOND (n = 53) and Nitinol (n = 38) prostheses. Results Average follow-up duration was 4.1 years for NiTiBOND and 4.4 years for Nitinol prostheses. The post-operative air–bone gap was 10 dB or less, indicating clinical success. The p-values for differences between (1) pre- and post-operative values in the NiTiBOND group, (2) pre- and post-operative values in the Nitinol group, (3) pre-operative values and (4) post-operative values in the two groups were: air–bone gap – p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.631 and p = 0.647; four-frequency bone conduction threshold – p = 0.076, p = 0.129, p < 0.001 and p = 0.005; four-frequency air conduction threshold – p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.043 and p = 0.041; three-frequency (1, 2 and 4 kHz) bone conduction threshold pre-operatively – p = 0.639, p = 0.495, p = 0.001 and p = 0.01; and air conduction threshold at 4 kHz: – p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.03 and p = 0.058. Conclusion Post-operative audiological outcomes for NiTiBOND and Nitinol were comparable.

scholarly journals Extended high-frequency audiometry in healthy adults with different age groups

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingming Wang ◽  
Yu Ai ◽  
Yuechen Han ◽  
Zhaomin Fan ◽  
Peng Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Pure Tone ◽  
Bone Conduction ◽  
Hearing Threshold ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Hearing Ability ◽  
Hearing Thresholds ◽  
High Frequency Audiometry ◽  
Air Conduction

Abstract Background It was well-documented that extended high-frequency (EHF, above 8 kHz) hearing test could be more sensitive comparing with the conventional measurement on frequency below 8 kHz, regarding the early prediction of auditory damage in certain population. However, hardly any age-specific thresholds of EHF in population with normal hearing ability were observed. This study aims to monitor the age-dependent hearing thresholds at EHF (from 9 to 20 kHz) in healthy hearing population. Methods A total of 162 healthy participants (from 21 to 70 years) with normal conventional pure tone audiograms were recruited and separated into five groups by age. Conventional pure tone average was performed with frequencies from 0.25 to 8 kHz under air conduction and from 0.25 to 4 kHz under bone conduction. EHF audiometry from 9 to 20 kHz was determined under air conduction. Results The effects of aging on hearing were evident at frequencies above 4 kHz. The hearing thresholds of EHF were less than 26 dB HL before 30 years-olds. Hearing abilities in EHF were deteriorated starting from the 31 ~ 40 group and were most obvious in the 51 ~ 60 group and the 61 ~ 70 group with the maximum thresholds of 75 dB HL. Sensitivity of EHF was inversely proportional to the frequency within each age group, and to age among groups. Subjects under 30 years old were totally responsive up to 16 kHz, and 52.2% could respond to 20 kHz. Meanwhile, no responsiveness was recorded to 20 kHz in the 51 ~ 60 group and even to 18 kHz in the 61 ~ 70 group. No gender differences in hearing threshold was observed within each age group, except an obvious decline at frequencies of 4, 6, 8, and 9 kHz in male participants of the 41 ~ 50 group. Conclusions Hearing thresholds at EHF from 9 to 20 kHz were more sensitive than at frequencies below 8 kHz for hearing measurement, and aging inversely affected hearing ability at EHF in healthy population. Hearing thresholds at EHF deteriorated with age and raising frequency, while the upper frequency limit decreased with aging. Graphical abstract

High-Frequency Air-Conduction and Electric Bone-Conduction Audiometry: Age and Sex Variations

1991 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heikki Löppönen ◽  
Martti Sorri ◽  
Risto Bloigu
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Bone Conduction ◽  
Air Conduction ◽  
Age And Sex

Mutual cancellation between tones presented by air conduction, by bone conduction and by non-osseous (soft tissue) bone conduction

2012 ◽  
Vol 283 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 180-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shai Chordekar ◽  
Leonid Kriksunov ◽  
Liat Kishon-Rabin ◽  
Cahtia Adelman ◽  
Haim Sohmer
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Bone Conduction ◽  
Air Conduction

scholarly journals Vibrational and Acoustical Characteristics of Ear Pinna Simulators That Differ in Hardness

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-334
Author(s):  
Ryota Shimokura ◽  
Tadashi Nishimura ◽  
Hiroshi Hosoi
Keyword(s):  
External Auditory Canal ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Bone Conduction ◽  
Calibration Method ◽  
Vibration Acceleration ◽  
Spectral Peaks ◽  
Ear Cartilage ◽  
A Current ◽  
Air Conduction ◽  
Dominant Frequencies

Because cartilage conduction—the transmission of sound via the aural cartilage—has different auditory pathways from well-known air and bone conduction, how the output volume in the external auditory canal is stimulated remains unknown. To develop a simulator approximating the conduction of sound in ear cartilage, the vibrations of the pinna and sound in the external auditory canal were measured using pinna simulators made of silicon rubbers of different hardness (A40, A20, A10, A5, A0) as measured by a durometer. The same procedure, as well as a current calibration method for air conduction devices, was applied to an existing pinna simulator, the Head and Torso Simulator (hardness A5). The levels for vibration acceleration and sound pressure from these pinna simulators show spectral peaks at dominant frequencies (below 1.5 kHz) for the conduction of sound in cartilage. These peaks were likely to move to lower frequencies as hardness decreases. On approaching the hardness of actual aural cartilage (A10 to A20), the simulated levels for vibration acceleration and sound pressure approximated the measurements of human ears. The adjustment of the hardness used in pinna simulators is an important factor in simulating accurately the conduction of sound in cartilage.

An examination of the effects of broadband air-conduction masker on the speech intelligibility of speech-modulated bone-conduction ultrasound

2014 ◽  
Vol 317 ◽  
pp. 41-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadashi Nishimura ◽  
Tadao Okayasu ◽  
Osamu Saito ◽  
Ryota Shimokura ◽  
Akinori Yamashita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Speech Intelligibility ◽  
Bone Conduction ◽  
Air Conduction

S254 – Bone Conduction Noise Exposure via Ventilators in the NICU

2008 ◽  
Vol 139 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. P160-P160
Author(s):  
Angela P Black ◽  
James D Sidman
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Noise ◽  
Noise Exposure ◽  
Bone Conduction ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
High Noise ◽  
Endotracheal Tubes ◽  
Level Meter ◽  
Hearing Damage ◽  
Air Conduction

Objectives To demonstrate that neonatal ventilators produce high noise levels through bone conduction (BC) via endotracheal tubes, as well as air conduction (AC) from ambient noise. Methods A sound level meter was used to measure the noise levels 4 feet from the ventilator and in direct contact at the end of a balloon attached to the ETT to simulate the noise presented to the infant. 3 commonly used neonatal ventilators (Sensormedics 3100A, VIP Bird and Bunnell Jet) were examined. Results Noise levels were significantly higher (6 – 14 dB) at the end of the ETT than 4 ft from the ventilator for all ventilators studied. Conclusions Previous studies have shown high ambient noise levels in NICUs, but have failed to address the actual noise presented to the infant. ETT transmission of noise as a direct bone stimulus through the skull has been overlooked. This study has shown that high noise intensities are being presented not only as AC, but as BC to the infants though the ETT. This study demonstrates, therefore, that ear protection alone will not save these at-risk infants from hearing damage. More must be done to decrease noise exposure and develop quieter machines.

scholarly journals Improvement of Hearing After Myringoplasty: A Study on 50 Cases at HFRCMCH

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (Number 2) ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
Md. A Sikder ◽  
Md. Daulatuzzaman ◽  
SM K A Mazumder ◽  
N U Khan ◽  
Md. S Alam
Keyword(s):  
Tympanic Membrane ◽  
General Anaesthesia ◽  
Bone Conduction ◽  
Hearing Improvement ◽  
Hearing Gain ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Air Conduction

The aim of this study was to assess hearing improvement after myringoplasty within ten weeks following surgery. The study population consisted of 30 patients who were suffering from CSOM-77". Pre-operative and post-operative eraminations of the patients were conducted clinically as well as audiologically. Pre-and post-operative air-bone (A-B) gap were calculated by raking the averages of bone conduction and air conduction at the frequencies of 300. 1000 and 2000 Hz. Myringoplasty was done with underlay technique under general anaesthesia by postaural approach. Temporal 'muck fascia was used as grafting material for reconstruction of the tympanic membrane. Pre-operatively, air-bone gap of 30 db or more was observed in 39 (78%) patients whereas post-operatively A-B gap of 30 db or mare was observed in only one patient. Using hearings gain exceeding 15 dB as the criterion. 39 (78%) patients had their hearing gain exceeding 15 dB. Using post-operative A-B gap within 20 dB as the criterion. 42 (84%) patients had their A-8 gap within 20 dB. Myringoplasty is a beneficial procedure for hearing improvement. Using the proportion of patients with a post-operative A-B gap of 30 dB as the criterion, in this study. 98% of patients achieved their A-B gap closer within 30 dB. Using hearing gain exceeding 15 dB as the criterion, 78% patient had their hearing gain exceeding 15 dB.

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