Population Pharmacokinetics of Tenofovir in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients Taking Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
ABSTRACT The influence of renal function on tenofovir pharmacokinetics was investigated in 193 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients by the use of a population approach performed with the nonlinear mixed effects modeling program NONMEM. Tenofovir pharmacokinetics was well described by a two-compartment open model in which the absorption and the distribution rate constants are equal. Typical population estimates of apparent central distribution volume (Vc /F), peripheral distribution volume (Vp /F), intercompartmental clearance (Q/F), and plasma clearance (CL/F) were 534 liters, 1,530 liters, 144 liters/h and 90.9 liters/h, respectively. Apparent plasma clearance was related to body weight/serum creatinine ratio (BW/SCR) and to the existence of a tubular dysfunction. Concomitant treatment with lopinavir/ritonavir was found to decrease tenofovir clearance. Individual Bayesian estimates of CL/F were used to calculate the tenofovir area under the concentration-time curve from time zero to 24 h (AUC0-24). In patients without tubular dysfunction, AUC0-24 values markedly decreased from 6.7 to 1.4 mg · h/liter for BW/SCR increasing from 0.44 to 1.73. The relevance of a dosage adjustment based on BW/SCR should be further evaluated.