scholarly journals Frequency of Binary Toxin Genes among Clostridium difficile Strains That Do Not Produce Large Clostridial Toxins

2003 ◽  
Vol 41 (11) ◽  
pp. 5227-5232 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Geric ◽  
S. Johnson ◽  
D. N. Gerding ◽  
M. Grabnar ◽  
M. Rupnik
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Binary Toxin ◽  
Toxin Genes

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Cepheid Xpert C. difficile/Epiand Meridian Bioscienceillumigene C. difficile Assays for Detecting Clostridium difficile Ribotype 033 Strains

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 973-975 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace O. Androga ◽  
Alan M. McGovern ◽  
Briony Elliott ◽  
Barbara J. Chang ◽  
Timothy T. Perkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Binary Toxin ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Toxin Genes ◽  
Production Animals

Clostridium difficilePCR ribotype 033 (RT033) is found in the gastrointestinal tracts of production animals and, occasionally, humans. TheillumigeneC. difficileassay (Meridian Bioscience, Inc.) failed to detect any of 52C. difficileRT033 isolates, while all strains signaled positive for the binary toxin genes but were reported as negative forC. difficileby the XpertC. difficile/Epiassay (Cepheid).

Distribution of Clostridium difficile variant toxinotypes and strains with binary toxin genes among clinical isolates in an American hospital

2004 ◽  
Vol 53 (9) ◽  
pp. 887-894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Geric ◽  
Maja Rupnik ◽  
Dale N. Gerding ◽  
Miklavz Grabnar ◽  
Stuart Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Binary Toxin ◽  
American Hospital ◽  
Toxin Genes

scholarly journals Whole genome sequences of three Clade 3 Clostridium difficile strains carrying binary toxin genes in China

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong Chen ◽  
Yu Feng ◽  
Xiaohui Wang ◽  
Jingyu Yang ◽  
Xiaoxia Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Binary Toxin ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Toxin Genes

scholarly journals Multilocus sequence analysis and comparative evolution of virulence-associated genes and housekeeping genes of Clostridium difficile

Microbiology ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 151 (10) ◽  
pp. 3171-3180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludovic Lemée ◽  
Ingrid Bourgeois ◽  
Elodie Ruffin ◽  
Anne Collignon ◽  
Jean-François Lemeland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Housekeeping Genes ◽  
Multilocus Sequence Analysis ◽  
Binary Toxin ◽  
Toxin A ◽  
Toxin Genes ◽  
Colonization Factor ◽  
Clonal Population Structure

A multilocus sequence analysis of ten virulence-associated genes was performed to study the genetic relationships between 29 Clostridium difficile isolates of various origins, hosts and clinical presentations, and selected from the main lineages previously defined by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of housekeeping genes. Colonization-factor-encoding genes (cwp66, cwp84, fbp68, fliC, fliD, groEL and slpA), toxin A and B genes (tcdA and tcdB), and the toxin A and B positive regulator gene (tcdD) were investigated. Binary toxin genes (cdtA and cdtB) were also detected, and internal fragments were sequenced for positive isolates. Virulence-associated genes exhibited a moderate polymorphism, comparable to the polymorphism of housekeeping genes, whereas cwp66 and slpA genes appeared highly polymorphic. Isolates recovered from human pseudomembranous colitis cases did not define a specific lineage. The presence of binary toxin genes, detected in five of the 29 isolates (17 %), was also not linked to clinical presentation. Conversely, toxigenic A−B+ isolates defined a very homogeneous lineage, which is distantly related to other isolates. By clustering analysis, animal isolates were intermixed with human isolates. Multilocus sequence analysis of virulence-associated genes is consistent with a clonal population structure for C. difficile and with the lack of host specificity. The data suggest a co-evolution of several of the virulence-associated genes studied (including toxins A and B and the binary toxin genes) with housekeeping genes, reflecting the genetic background of C. difficile, whereas flagellin, cwp66 and slpA genes may undergo recombination events and/or environmental selective pressure.

Correlation between virulence gene expression and proton pump inhibitors and ambient pH in Clostridium difficile: results of an in vitro study

2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
pp. 1517-1523 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Stewart ◽  
John P. Hegarty
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Proton Pump Inhibitors ◽  
Proton Pump ◽  
Binary Toxin ◽  
Toxin Gene ◽  
Ribotype 027 ◽  
Toxin Genes ◽  
Positive Regulators

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are associated with the development of Clostridium difficile infection in humans. Though it is assumed that PPIs mediate this effect through gastric acid suppression, there has been little investigation into whether PPIs, or ambient pH, might directly affect the expression of C. difficile toxin genes. In the present study, C. difficile ribotypes 001, 027 and 078 obtained from human subjects were grown under anaerobic conditions prepared at pHs of 5, 7.3 and 9. Matched trios were exposed to 100 µM and 200 µM of omeprazole along with PPI untreated controls. Custom designed reverse transcription quantitative PCR hydrolysis probes were used to assess C. difficile gene expression for toxins A (tcdA), B (tcdB) and binary toxin (cdtB), as well as their positive regulators (tcdR and cdtR), using rrsA, which encodes 16S rRNA, as a constitutively expressed reference gene. tcdC and codY, negative regulators of toxin expression, were also assessed. Basic pH resulted in greater expression of tcdA, and with PPI exposure a 120-fold higher expression was noted with ribotype 001. tcdB and cdtB expressions were much less responsive to pH or PPIs, though a clear response to acidic pH and PPI exposure was observed in ribotype 027. tcdC and codY expressions were largely unaffected, except with ribotype 027; low pH and PPIs resulted in their greater expression, though to a lesser degree than with toxin genes and their positive regulators. Non-neutral pH and PPI exposure appear to have an effect on C. difficile, one that has a net effect towards toxin gene expression.

scholarly journals Increased number of Clostridium difficile infections and prevalence of Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 001 in southern Germany

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (49) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Borgmann ◽  
M Kist ◽  
T Jakobiak ◽  
M Reil ◽  
E Scholz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
North America ◽  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Clostridium Difficile Infection ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Binary Toxin ◽  
Rural Region ◽  
Southern Germany ◽  
Toxin Genes ◽  
Number Of Patients

In recent years, Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) has emerged as an increasing problem, both in in- and outpatients. In a rural region of southern Germany, the annual number of C. difficile toxin (Tcd)-positive patients has increased from 95 to 796 in the period from 2000 to 2007. Simultaneously, the proportion of positive tests among all Tcd examinations has risen from 7.0% to 12.8%, indicating that the higher number of affected patients was not solely due to an increase in the number of assays. Elevated numbers of CDI have recently been associated with outbreaks of the ribotype 027 strain, particularly in North America. This strain has also been isolated in Europe, including in Germany. Ribotyping and PCR testing for binary toxin genes of C. difficile strains isolated from in- and outpatients demonstrate a predominance (59%) of C. difficile ribotype 001, which exhibits antibiotic resistance to erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, and moxifloxacin, but lacks binary toxin genes. In summary, in our region of Germany, the number of patients affected by CDI has increased, probably due to spread of C. difficile ribotype 001.

Investigation of Clostridium difficile in elderly people: A preliminary study in Iran

2021 ◽  
pp. 004947552199922
Author(s):  
Ahmad Ghasemi ◽  
Ashraf Mohabati Mobarez ◽  
Ehsan Mostafavi
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Binary Toxin ◽  
Toxin Genes ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Regional Problem ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Elderly people are at increased risk for infections such as with Clostridium difficile. This can colonize their gut and cause various gastro-intestinal manifestations. Our survey investigated its prevalence in a nursing home in Iran. Faecal samples were collected and tested by polymerase chain reaction for identification of A, B and binary toxin genes. From 289 samples, 42(14.5%) isolates were found. Toxin genes were positive in 19 isolates (17 AþBþ and 2 isolates ABþ). The elderly are especially at risk and great attention should be paid to contamination within their nursing homes. This is not an isolated regional problem.

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