scholarly journals Molecular Epidemiology of the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Outbreak in the United Kingdom in 2001

2006 ◽  
Vol 80 (22) ◽  
pp. 11274-11282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor M. Cottam ◽  
Daniel T. Haydon ◽  
David J. Paton ◽  
John Gloster ◽  
John W. Wilesmith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Nucleotide Substitutions ◽  
Consensus Sequences ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Transmission Pathways

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to quantify the extent to which the genetic diversity of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) arising over the course of infection of an individual animal becomes fixed, is transmitted to other animals, and thereby accumulates over the course of an outbreak. Complete consensus sequences of 23 genomes (each of 8,200 nucleotides) of FMDV were recovered directly from epithelium tissue acquired from 21 farms infected over a nearly 7-month period during the 2001 FMDV outbreak in the United Kingdom. An analysis of these consensus sequences revealed very few apparently ambiguous sites but clear evidence of 197 nucleotide substitutions at 191 different sites. We estimated the rate of nucleotide substitution to be 2.26 × 10−5 per site per day (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.75 × 10−5 to 2.80 × 10−5) and nucleotide substitutions to accrue in the consensus sequence at an average rate of 1.5 substitutions per farm infection. This is a sufficiently high rate showing that detailed histories of the transmission pathways can be reliably reconstructed. Coalescent methods indicated that the date at which FMDV first infected livestock in the United Kingdom was 7 February 2001 (95% CI, 20 January to 19 February 2001), which was identical to estimates obtained on the basis of purely clinical evidence. Nucleotide changes appeared to have occurred evenly across the genome, and within the open reading frame, the ratio of nonsynonymous-to-synonymous change was 0.09. The ability to recover particular transmission pathways of acutely acting RNA pathogens from genetic data will help resolve uncertainties about how virus is spread and could help in the control of future epidemics.

scholarly journals Transmission Pathways of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in the United Kingdom in 2007

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. e1000050 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor M. Cottam ◽  
Jemma Wadsworth ◽  
Andrew E. Shaw ◽  
Rebecca J. Rowlands ◽  
Lynnette Goatley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Transmission Pathways

Experimental studies with foot-and-mouth disease virus, strain O, responsible for the 2001 epidemic in the United Kingdom

Vaccine ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (19-20) ◽  
pp. 2508-2515 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Aggarwal ◽  
Z. Zhang ◽  
S. Cox ◽  
R. Statham ◽  
S. Alexandersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Virus Strain ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth

scholarly journals Rapid Selection in Modified BHK-21 Cells of a Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Variant Showing Alterations in Cell Tropism

1998 ◽  
Vol 72 (12) ◽  
pp. 10171-10179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Escarmís ◽  
Elisa C. Carrillo ◽  
Marcela Ferrer ◽  
Juan F. García Arriaza ◽  
Nora Lopez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Chinese Hamster ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Cell Tropism ◽  
Nucleotide Substitutions ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth

ABSTRACT With persistent foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in BHK-21 cells, there is coevolution of the cells and the resident virus; the virulence of the virus for the parental BHK-21 cells is gradually increased, and the cells become partially resistant to FMDV. Here we report that variants of FMDV C3Arg/85 were selected in a single infection of partially resistant BHK-21 cells (termed BHK-Rb cells). Indirect immunofluorescence showed that the BHK-Rb cell population was heterogeneous with regard to susceptibility to C3Arg/85 infection. Infection of BHK-Rb cells with C3Arg/85 resulted in an early phase of partial cytopathology which was followed at 6 to 10 days postinfection by the shedding of mutant FMDVs, termed C3-Rb. The selected C3-Rb variants showed increased virulence for BHK-21 cells, were able to overcome the resistance of modified BHK-21 cells to infection, and had acquired the ability to bind heparin and to infect wild-type Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. A comparison of the genomic sequences of the parental and modified viruses revealed only two amino acid differences, located at the surface of the particle, at the fivefold axis of the viral capsid (Asp-9→Ala in VP3 and either Gly-110→Arg or His-108→Arg in VP1). The same phenotypic and genotypic modifications occurred in a highly reproducible manner; they were seen in a number of independent infections of BHK-Rb cells with viral preparation C3Arg/85 or with clones derived from it. Neither amino acid substitutions in other structural or nonstructural proteins nor nucleotide substitutions in regulatory regions were found. These results prove that infection of partially permissive cells can promote the rapid selection of virus variants that show alterations in cell tropism and are highly virulent for the same cells.

scholarly journals Accumulation of nucleotide substitutions occurring during experimental transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus

2013 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Juleff ◽  
Begoña Valdazo-González ◽  
Jemma Wadsworth ◽  
Caroline F. Wright ◽  
Bryan Charleston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Heparan Sulphate ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Full Genome Sequence ◽  
Full Genome ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Transmission Pathways

Analysis of full-genome sequences was previously used to trace the origin and transmission pathways of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) outbreaks in the UK in 2001 and 2007. Interpretation of these data was sometimes at variance with conventional epidemiological tracing, and was also used to predict the presence of undisclosed infected premises that were later discovered during serological surveillance. Here we report the genome changes associated with sequential passage of a highly BHK-21-cell-adapted (heparan sulphate-binding) strain of FMDV arising from two independent transmission chains in cattle. In vivo virus replication rapidly selected for a wild-type variant with an amino acid substitution at VP356. Full-genome sequence analysis clearly demonstrated sequence divergence during parallel passage. The genetic diversity generated over the course of infection and the rate at which these changes became fixed and were transmitted between cattle occurred at a rate sufficient to enable reliable tracing of transmission pathways at the level of the individual animal. However, tracing of transmission pathways was only clear when sequences from epithelial lesions were compared. Sequences derived from oesophageal–pharyngeal scrapings were problematic to interpret, with a varying number of ambiguities suggestive of a more diverse virus population. These findings will help to correctly interpret full-genome sequence analyses to resolve transmission pathways within future FMDV epidemics.

High resolution surface structure of foot-and-mouth disease virus

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 376-377
Author(s):  
S. S. Breese ◽  
H. L. Bachrach
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Surface Structure ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Potassium Phosphate ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Physical Measurements ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth

Models for the structure of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) have been proposed from chemical and physical measurements (Brown, et al., 1970; Talbot and Brown, 1972; Strohmaier and Adam, 1976) and from rotational image-enhancement electron microscopy (Breese, et al., 1965). In this report we examine the surface structure of FMDV particles by high resolution electron microscopy and compare it with that of particles in which the outermost capsid protein VP3 (ca. 30, 000 daltons) has been split into smaller segments, two of which VP3a and VP3b have molecular weights of about 15, 000 daltons (Bachrach, et al., 1975).Highly purified and concentrated type A12, strain 119 FMDV (5 mg/ml) was prepared as previously described (Bachrach, et al., 1964) and stored at 4°C in 0. 2 M KC1-0. 5 M potassium phosphate buffer at pH 7. 5. For electron microscopy, 1. 0 ml samples of purified virus and trypsin-treated virus were dialyzed at 4°C against 0. 2 M NH4OAC at pH 7. 3, deposited onto carbonized formvar-coated copper screens and stained with phosphotungstic acid, pH 7. 3.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document