scholarly journals Expression of a gene duplication encoding conserved sperm tail proteins is translationally regulated in Drosophila melanogaster.

1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1708-1718 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Schäfer ◽  
D Börsch ◽  
A Hülster ◽  
U Schäfer
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Translational Control ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Homologous Gene ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Sperm Tail ◽  
Repetitive Motif ◽  
Carboxy Terminal

We have analyzed a locus of Drosophila melanogaster located at 98C on chromosome 3, which contains two tandemly arranged genes, named Mst98Ca and Mst98Cb. They are two additional members of the Mst(3)CGP gene family by three criteria. (i) Both genes are exclusively transcribed in the male germ line. (ii) Both transcripts encode a protein with a high proportion of the repetitive motif Cys-Gly-Pro. (iii) Their expression is translationally controlled; while transcripts can be detected in diploid stages of spermatogenesis, association with polysomes can be shown only in haploid stages of sperm development. The genes differ markedly from the other members of the gene family in structure; they do not contain introns, they are of much larger size, and they have the Cys-Gly-Pro motifs clustered at the carboxy-terminal end of the encoded proteins. An antibody generated against the Mst98Ca protein recognizes both Mst98C proteins in D. melanogaster. In a male-sterile mutation in which spermiogenesis is blocked before individualization of sperm, both of these proteins are no longer synthesized. This finding provides proof of late translation for the Mst98C proteins and thereby independent proof of translational control of expression. Northern (RNA) and Western immunoblot analyses indicate the presence of homologous gene families in many other Drosophila species. The Mst98C proteins share sequence homology with proteins of the outer dense fibers in mammalian spermatozoa and can be localized to the sperm tail by immunofluorescence with an anti-Mst98Ca antibody.

Expression of a gene duplication encoding conserved sperm tail proteins is translationally regulated in Drosophila melanogaster

1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1708-1718
Author(s):  
M Schäfer ◽  
D Börsch ◽  
A Hülster ◽  
U Schäfer
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Translational Control ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Homologous Gene ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Sperm Tail ◽  
Repetitive Motif ◽  
Carboxy Terminal

We have analyzed a locus of Drosophila melanogaster located at 98C on chromosome 3, which contains two tandemly arranged genes, named Mst98Ca and Mst98Cb. They are two additional members of the Mst(3)CGP gene family by three criteria. (i) Both genes are exclusively transcribed in the male germ line. (ii) Both transcripts encode a protein with a high proportion of the repetitive motif Cys-Gly-Pro. (iii) Their expression is translationally controlled; while transcripts can be detected in diploid stages of spermatogenesis, association with polysomes can be shown only in haploid stages of sperm development. The genes differ markedly from the other members of the gene family in structure; they do not contain introns, they are of much larger size, and they have the Cys-Gly-Pro motifs clustered at the carboxy-terminal end of the encoded proteins. An antibody generated against the Mst98Ca protein recognizes both Mst98C proteins in D. melanogaster. In a male-sterile mutation in which spermiogenesis is blocked before individualization of sperm, both of these proteins are no longer synthesized. This finding provides proof of late translation for the Mst98C proteins and thereby independent proof of translational control of expression. Northern (RNA) and Western immunoblot analyses indicate the presence of homologous gene families in many other Drosophila species. The Mst98C proteins share sequence homology with proteins of the outer dense fibers in mammalian spermatozoa and can be localized to the sperm tail by immunofluorescence with an anti-Mst98Ca antibody.

scholarly journals Genetic and Molecular Characterization of sting, a Gene Involved in Crystal Formation and Meiotic Drive in the Male Germ Line of Drosophila melanogaster

Genetics ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 151 (2) ◽  
pp. 749-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armin Schmidt ◽  
Gioacchino Palumbo ◽  
Maria P Bozzetti ◽  
Patrizia Tritto ◽  
Sergio Pimpinelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Null Allele ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Meiotic Drive ◽  
P Element ◽  
Crystal Formation ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Male Sterile Mutation

Abstract The sting mutation, caused by a P element inserted into polytene region 32D, was isolated by a screen for male sterile insertions in Drosophila melanogaster. This sterility is correlated with the presence of crystals in spermatocytes and spermatids that are structurally indistinguishable from those produced in males carrying a deficiency of the Y-linked crystal (cry) locus. In addition, their morphology is needle-like in Ste+ flies and star-shaped in Ste flies, once again as observed in cry– males. The sti mutation leads to meiotic drive of the sex chromosomes, and the strength of the phenomenon is correlated with the copy number of the repetitive Ste locus. The same correlation is also true for the penetrance of the male sterile mutation. A presumptive sti null allele results in male sterility and lethal maternal effect. The gene was cloned and shown to code for a putative protein that is 866 amino acids long. A C-terminal domain of 82 amino acids is identified that is well conserved in proteins from different organisms. The gene is expressed only in the germline of both sexes. The interaction of sting with the Ste locus can also be demonstrated at the molecular level. While an unprocessed 8-kb Ste primary transcript is expressed in wild-type males, in X/Y homozygous sti males, as in X/Y cry– males, a 0.7-kb mRNA is produced.

scholarly journals Distinct domains of Me31B interact with different eIF4E isoforms in the male germ line of Drosophila melanogaster

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Layana ◽  
Emiliano S. Vilardo ◽  
Gonzalo Corujo ◽  
Greco Hernandez ◽  
Rolando Rivera-Pomar
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Translational Control ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Mrna Translation ◽  
Translation Initiation Factor ◽  
Initiation Factor ◽  
Interacting Protein ◽  
Control Of Gene Expression ◽  
Amino Terminal ◽  
Key Factor

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) is a key factor involved in different aspects of mRNA metabolism. Drosophila melanogaster genome encodes eight eIF4E isoforms, and the canonical isoform eIF4E-1 is a ubiquitous protein that plays a key role in mRNA translation. eIF4E-3 is specifically expressed in testis and controls translation during spermatogenesis. In eukaryotic cells, translational control and mRNA decay is highly regulated in different cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein foci, which include the processing bodies (PBs). In this study, we show that Drosophila eIF4E-1 and eIF4E-3 occur in PBs where might play a role in mRNA storage and translational repression. We also demonstrate that the DEAD-box RNA helicase Me31B, a component of PBs, physically interacts with eIF4E-1 and eIF4E-3 both in the yeast two-hybrid system and FRET in Drosophila S2 cells. Moreover, truncated and point mutated Me31B proteins indicate that the binding sites of Me31B for eIF4E-1 and eIF4E-3 are located in different domains. Residues Y401-L407 (at the carboxy-terminal) are essential for interaction with eIF4E-1, whereas residues F63-L70 (at the amino-terminal) are critical for interaction with eIF4E-3. Thus, Me31B represents a novel type of eIF4E-interacting protein. Our observations suggest that Me31B might recognize different eIF4E isoforms in different tissues, which could be the key to silencing specific messengers. They provide further evidence that alternative forms of eIF4E and their interactions with various partners add complexity to the control of gene expression in eukaryotes.

scholarly journals Y-Linked Male Sterile Mutations Induced by P Element in Drosophila melanogaster

Genetics ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 150 (2) ◽  
pp. 735-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Zhang ◽  
Rebecca L Stankiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Insertional Mutagenesis ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Position Effect ◽  
Repetitive Sequences ◽  
P Element ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Structural And Functional Properties

Abstract The Y chromosome in Drosophila melanogaster is composed of highly repetitive sequences and is essential only in the male germ line. We employed P-element insertional mutagenesis to induce male sterile mutations in the Y chromosome. By using a combination of two modifiers of position effect variegation, adding an extra Y chromosome and increasing temperature, we isolated 61 P(ry+) elements in the Y chromosome. Six of these Y-linked insertions (approximately 10%) induced male sterile mutations that are mapped to two genes on the long and one on the short arms of the Y chromosome. These mutations are revertible to the wild type in a cell-autonomous and germ-line-dependent manner, consistent with previously defined Y-linked gene functions. Phenotypes associated with these P-induced mutations are similar to those resulting from deletions of the Y chromosome regions corresponding to the male fertility genes. Three alleles of the kl-3 gene on the Y long arm result in loss of the axonemal outer dynein arms in the spermatid tail, while three ks-2 alleles on the Y short arm induce defects at early postmeiotic stages. The recovery of the ms(Y) mutations induced by single P-element insertions will facilitate our effort to understand the structural and functional properties of the Y chromosome.

scholarly journals Isolation and Characterization Of Rice R Genes: Evidence for Distinct Evolutionary Paths in Rice and Maize

Genetics ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 142 (3) ◽  
pp. 1021-1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianping Hu ◽  
Beth Anderson ◽  
Susan R Wessler
Keyword(s):  
Gene Family ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Chromosome 1 ◽  
R Gene ◽  
R Genes ◽  
Helix Loop Helix ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Undetermined Function ◽  
Evolutionary Paths

Abstract R and B genes and their homologues encode basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcriptional activators that regulate the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway in flowering plants. In maize, R/B genes comprise a very small gene family whose organization reflects the unique evolutionary history and genome architecture of maize. To know whether the organization of the R gene family could provide information about the origins of the distantly related grass rice, we characterized members of the R gene family from rice Oryza sativa. Despite being a true diploid, O. sativa has at least two R genes. An active homologue (Ra) with extensive homology with other R genes is located at a position on chromosome 4 previously shown to be in synteny with regions of maize chromosomes 2 and 10 that contain the B and R loci, respectively. A second rice R gene (Rb) of undetermined function was identified on chromosome 1 and found to be present only in rice species with AA genomes. All non-AA species have but one R gene that is Ra-like. These data suggest that the common ancestor shared by maize and rice had a single R gene and that the small R gene families of grasses have arisen recently and independently.

scholarly journals Genome-wide search and structural and functional analyses for late embryogenesis-abundant (LEA) gene family in poplar

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zihan Cheng ◽  
Xuemei Zhang ◽  
Wenjing Yao ◽  
Kai Zhao ◽  
Lin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Family ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Late Embryogenesis Abundant ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Lea Gene ◽  
Late Embryogenesis ◽  
Genome Wide Search

Abstract Background The Late Embryogenesis-Abundant (LEA) gene families, which play significant roles in regulation of tolerance to abiotic stresses, widely exist in higher plants. Poplar is a tree species that has important ecological and economic values. But systematic studies on the gene family have not been reported yet in poplar. Results On the basis of genome-wide search, we identified 88 LEA genes from Populus trichocarpa and renamed them as PtrLEA. The PtrLEA genes have fewer introns, and their promoters contain more cis-regulatory elements related to abiotic stress tolerance. Our results from comparative genomics indicated that the PtrLEA genes are conserved and homologous to related genes in other species, such as Eucalyptus robusta, Solanum lycopersicum and Arabidopsis. Using RNA-Seq data collected from poplar under two conditions (with and without salt treatment), we detected 24, 22 and 19 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in roots, stems and leaves, respectively. Then we performed spatiotemporal expression analysis of the four up-regulated DEGs shared by the tissues, constructed gene co-expression-based networks, and investigated gene function annotations. Conclusion Lines of evidence indicated that the PtrLEA genes play significant roles in poplar growth and development, as well as in responses to salt stress.

scholarly journals Shoot Regeneration Is Not a Single Cell Event

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Patharajan Subban ◽  
Yaarit Kutsher ◽  
Dalia Evenor ◽  
Eduard Belausov ◽  
Hanita Zemach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Family ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Shoot Regeneration ◽  
Major Gene ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Plant Biotechnology ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Regeneration Medium ◽  
Developmental Processes ◽  
Leaf Segments

Shoot regeneration is a key tool of modern plant biotechnology. While many researchers use this process empirically, very little is known about the early molecular genetic factors and signaling events that lead to shoot regeneration. Using tobacco as a model system, we found that the inductive events required for shoot regeneration occur in the first 4–5 days following incubation on regeneration medium. Leaf segments placed on regeneration medium did not produce shoots if removed from the medium before four days indicating this time frame is crucial for the induction of shoot regeneration. Leaf segments placed on regeneration medium for longer than five days maintain the capacity to produce shoots when removed from the regeneration medium. Analysis of gene expression during the early days of incubation on regeneration medium revealed many changes occurring with no single expression pattern evident among major gene families previously implicated in developmental processes. For example, expression of Knotted gene family members increased during the induction period, whereas transcription factors from the Wuschel gene family were unaltered during shoot induction. Expression levels of genes involved in cell cycle regulation increased steadily on regeneration medium while expression of NAC genes varied. No obvious possible candidate genes or developmental processes could be identified as a target for the early events (first few days) in the induction of shoot regeneration. On the other hand, observations during the early stages of regeneration pointed out that regeneration does not occur from a single cell but a group of cells. We observed that while cell division starts just as leaf segments are placed on regeneration medium, only a group of cells could become shoot primordia. Still, these primordia are not identifiable during the first days.

scholarly journals Drosophila melanogaster male germ line-specific transcripts with autosomal and Y-linked genes.

Genetics ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 134 (1) ◽  
pp. 293-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
S R Russell ◽  
K Kaiser
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Stop Codon ◽  
Chromatin Condensation ◽  
Sperm Chromatin ◽  
Autosomal Gene ◽  
Cdna Clones ◽  
Autosomal Locus ◽  
Functional Protein

Abstract We have identified of set of related transcripts expressed in the germ line of male Drosophila melanogaster. Surprisingly, while one of the corresponding genes is autosomal the remainder are located on the Y chromosome. The autosomal locus, at 77F on chromosome arm 3L, corresponds to the previously described transcription unit 18c, located in the first intron of the gene for an RI subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The Y chromosome copies have been mapped to region h18-h19 on the cytogenetic map of the Y outside of any of the regions required for male fertility. In contrast to D. melanogaster, where Y-linked copies were found in nine different wild-type strains, no Y-linked copies were found in sibling species. Several apparently Y-derived cDNA clones and one Y-linked genomic clone have been sequenced. The Y-derived genomic DNA shares the same intron/exon structure as the autosomal copy as well as related flanking sequences suggesting that it transposed to the Y from the autosomal locus. However, this particular Y-linked copy cannot encode a functional polypeptide due to a stop codon at amino acid position 72. Divergence among five different cDNA clones ranges from 1.5 to 6% and includes a large number of third position substitutions. We have not yet obtained a full-length cDNA from a Y-linked gene and therefore cannot conclude that the D. melanogaster Y chromosome contains functional protein-coding genes. The autosomal gene encodes a predicted polypeptide with 45% similarity to histones of the H5 class and more limited similarity to cysteine-rich protamines. This protein may be a distant relative of the histone H1 family perhaps involved in sperm chromatin condensation.

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