A block in mammalian splicing occurring after formation of large complexes containing U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-267
Author(s):  
C H Agris ◽  
M E Nemeroff ◽  
R M Krug
Keyword(s):  
Specific Protein ◽  
Viral Mrna ◽  
Sequence Element ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Total Absence ◽  
Nuclear Extracts ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Small Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins ◽  
Rna Precursor

The assembly of mammalian pre-mRNAs into large 50S to 60S complexes, or spliceosomes, containing small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) leads to the production of splicing intermediates, 5' exon and lariat-3' exon, and the subsequent production of spliced products. Influenza virus NS1 mRNA, which encodes a virus-specific protein, is spliced in infected cells to form another viral mRNA (the NS2 mRNA), such that the ratio of unspliced to spliced mRNA is 10 to 1. NS1 mRNA was not detectably spliced in vitro with nuclear extracts from uninfected HeLa cells. Surprisingly, despite the almost total absence of splicing intermediates in the in vitro reaction, NS1 mRNA very efficiently formed ATP-dependent 55S complexes. The formation of 55S complexes with NS1 mRNA was compared with that obtained with an adenovirus pre-mRNA (pKT1 transcript) by using partially purified splicing fractions that restricted the splicing of the pKT1 transcript to the production of splicing intermediates. At RNA precursor levels that were considerably below saturation, approximately 10-fold more of the input NS1 mRNA than of the input pKT1 transcript formed 55S complexes at all time points examined. The pKT1 55S complexes contained splicing intermediates, whereas the NS1 55S complexes contained only precursor NS1 mRNA. Biotin-avidin affinity chromatography showed that the 55S complexes formed with either NS1 mRNA or the pKT1 transcript contained the U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6 snRNPs. Consequently, the formation of 55S complexes containing these five snRNPs was not sufficient for the catalysis of the first step of splicing, indicating that some additional step(s) needs to occur subsequent to this binding. These results indicate that the 5' splice site, 3' and branch point of NS1 and mRNA were capable of interacting with the five snRNPs to form 55S complexes, but apparently some other sequence element(s) in NS1 mRNA blocked the resolution of the 55S complexes that leads to the catalysis of splicing. On the basis of our results, we suggest mechanisms by which the splicing of NS1 is controlled in infected cells.

scholarly journals A block in mammalian splicing occurring after formation of large complexes containing U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins.

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
C H Agris ◽  
M E Nemeroff ◽  
R M Krug
Keyword(s):  
Specific Protein ◽  
Viral Mrna ◽  
Sequence Element ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Total Absence ◽  
Nuclear Extracts ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Small Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins ◽  
Rna Precursor

The assembly of mammalian pre-mRNAs into large 50S to 60S complexes, or spliceosomes, containing small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) leads to the production of splicing intermediates, 5' exon and lariat-3' exon, and the subsequent production of spliced products. Influenza virus NS1 mRNA, which encodes a virus-specific protein, is spliced in infected cells to form another viral mRNA (the NS2 mRNA), such that the ratio of unspliced to spliced mRNA is 10 to 1. NS1 mRNA was not detectably spliced in vitro with nuclear extracts from uninfected HeLa cells. Surprisingly, despite the almost total absence of splicing intermediates in the in vitro reaction, NS1 mRNA very efficiently formed ATP-dependent 55S complexes. The formation of 55S complexes with NS1 mRNA was compared with that obtained with an adenovirus pre-mRNA (pKT1 transcript) by using partially purified splicing fractions that restricted the splicing of the pKT1 transcript to the production of splicing intermediates. At RNA precursor levels that were considerably below saturation, approximately 10-fold more of the input NS1 mRNA than of the input pKT1 transcript formed 55S complexes at all time points examined. The pKT1 55S complexes contained splicing intermediates, whereas the NS1 55S complexes contained only precursor NS1 mRNA. Biotin-avidin affinity chromatography showed that the 55S complexes formed with either NS1 mRNA or the pKT1 transcript contained the U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6 snRNPs. Consequently, the formation of 55S complexes containing these five snRNPs was not sufficient for the catalysis of the first step of splicing, indicating that some additional step(s) needs to occur subsequent to this binding. These results indicate that the 5' splice site, 3' and branch point of NS1 and mRNA were capable of interacting with the five snRNPs to form 55S complexes, but apparently some other sequence element(s) in NS1 mRNA blocked the resolution of the 55S complexes that leads to the catalysis of splicing. On the basis of our results, we suggest mechanisms by which the splicing of NS1 is controlled in infected cells.

scholarly journals In vitro cleavage of the simian virus 40 early polyadenylation site adjacent to a required downstream TG sequence.

1986 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 4734-4741 ◽  
Author(s):  
A O Sperry ◽  
S M Berget
Keyword(s):  
Simian Virus 40 ◽  
Nuclear Extract ◽  
Simian Virus ◽  
Polyadenylation Site ◽  
Sequence Element ◽  
Nuclear Extracts ◽  
Exogenous Rna ◽  
Atp Analogs ◽  
Small Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins

Exogenous RNA containing the simian virus 40 early polyadenylation site was efficiently and accurately polyadenylated in in vitro nuclear extracts. Correct cleavage required ATP. In the absence of ATP, nonpoly(A)+ products accumulated which were 18 to 20 nucleotides longer than the RNA generated by correct cleavage; the longer RNA terminated adjacent to the downstream TG element required for polyadenylation. In the presence of ATP analogs, alternate cleavage was not observed; instead, correct cleavage without poly(A) addition occurred. ATP-independent cleavage of simian virus 40 early RNA had many of the same properties as correct cleavage including requirements for an intact AAUAAA element, a proximal 3' terminus, and extract small nuclear ribonucleoproteins. This similarity in reaction parameters suggested that ATP-independent cleavage is an activity of the normal polyadenylation machinery. The ATP-independent cleavage product, however, did not behave as an intermediate in polyadenylation. The alternate RNA did not preferentially chase into correctly cleaved material upon readdition of ATP; instead, poly(A) was added to the 3' terminus of the cleaved RNA during a chase. Purified ATP-independent cleavage RNA, however, was a substrate for correct cleavage when reintroduced into the nuclear extract. Thus, alternate cleavage of polyadenylation sites adjacent to a required downstream sequence element is directed by the polyadenylation machinery in the absence of ATP.

In vitro cleavage of the simian virus 40 early polyadenylation site adjacent to a required downstream TG sequence

1986 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 4734-4741
Author(s):  
A O Sperry ◽  
S M Berget
Keyword(s):  
Simian Virus 40 ◽  
Nuclear Extract ◽  
Simian Virus ◽  
Polyadenylation Site ◽  
Sequence Element ◽  
Nuclear Extracts ◽  
Exogenous Rna ◽  
Atp Analogs ◽  
Small Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins

Exogenous RNA containing the simian virus 40 early polyadenylation site was efficiently and accurately polyadenylated in in vitro nuclear extracts. Correct cleavage required ATP. In the absence of ATP, nonpoly(A)+ products accumulated which were 18 to 20 nucleotides longer than the RNA generated by correct cleavage; the longer RNA terminated adjacent to the downstream TG element required for polyadenylation. In the presence of ATP analogs, alternate cleavage was not observed; instead, correct cleavage without poly(A) addition occurred. ATP-independent cleavage of simian virus 40 early RNA had many of the same properties as correct cleavage including requirements for an intact AAUAAA element, a proximal 3' terminus, and extract small nuclear ribonucleoproteins. This similarity in reaction parameters suggested that ATP-independent cleavage is an activity of the normal polyadenylation machinery. The ATP-independent cleavage product, however, did not behave as an intermediate in polyadenylation. The alternate RNA did not preferentially chase into correctly cleaved material upon readdition of ATP; instead, poly(A) was added to the 3' terminus of the cleaved RNA during a chase. Purified ATP-independent cleavage RNA, however, was a substrate for correct cleavage when reintroduced into the nuclear extract. Thus, alternate cleavage of polyadenylation sites adjacent to a required downstream sequence element is directed by the polyadenylation machinery in the absence of ATP.

UV cross-linking identifies four polypeptides that require the TATA box to bind to the Drosophila hsp70 promoter

1990 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 4233-4238
Author(s):  
D S Gilmour ◽  
T J Dietz ◽  
S C Elgin
Keyword(s):  
Specific Protein ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Hsp70 Promoter ◽  
Intimate Contact ◽  
Nuclear Extracts ◽  
Multicomponent Complex ◽  
Tata Sequence ◽  
Drosophila Embryos

A protein fraction that requires the TATA sequence to bind to the hsp70 promoter has been partially purified from nuclear extracts of Drosophila embryos. This TATA factor produces a large DNase I footprint that extends from -44 to +35 on the promoter. A mutation that changes TATA to TATG interferes both with the binding of this complex and with the transcription of the hsp70 promoter in vitro, indicating that this interaction is important for transcriptional activity. Using a highly specific protein-DNA cross-linking assay, we have identified four polypeptides that require the TATA sequence to bind to the hsp70 promoter. Polypeptides of 26 and 42 kilodaltons are in intimate contact with the TATA sequence. Polypeptides of 150 and 60 kilodaltons interact within the region from +24 to +47 in a TATA-dependent manner. Both the extended footprint and the polypeptides identified by UV cross-linking indicate that the Drosophila TATA factor is a multicomponent complex.

scholarly journals Polypurine sequences within a downstream exon function as a splicing enhancer.

1994 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 1347-1354 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Tanaka ◽  
A Watakabe ◽  
Y Shimura
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Sequence ◽  
Splice Site Selection ◽  
Sequence Element ◽  
Nuclear Extracts ◽  
Gene Functions ◽  
Mouse Immunoglobulin ◽  
In Vitro Splicing ◽  
Immunoglobulin Mu ◽  
Splicing Enhancer

We have previously shown that a purine-rich sequence located within exon M2 of the mouse immunoglobulin mu gene functions as a splicing enhancer, as judged by its ability to stimulate splicing of a distant upstream intron. This sequence element has been designated ERS (exon recognition sequence). In this study, we investigated the stimulatory effects of various ERS-like sequences, using the in vitro splicing system with HeLa cell nuclear extracts. Here, we show that purine-rich sequences of several natural exons that have previously been shown to be required for splicing function as a splicing enhancer like the ERS of the immunoglobulin mu gene. Moreover, even synthetic polypurine sequences had stimulatory effects on the upstream splicing. Evaluation of the data obtained from the analyses of both natural and synthetic purine-rich sequences shows that (i) alternating purine sequences can stimulate splicing, while poly(A) or poly(G) sequences cannot, and (ii) the presence of U residues within the polypurine sequence greatly reduces the level of stimulation. Competition experiments strongly suggest that the stimulatory effects of various purine-rich sequences are mediated by the same trans-acting factor(s). We conclude from these results that the purine-rich sequences that we examined in this study also represent examples of ERS. Thus, ERS is considered a general splicing element that is present in various exons and plays an important role in splice site selection.

scholarly journals Specific protein binding to the simian virus 40 enhancer in vitro.

1986 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 2098-2105 ◽  
Author(s):  
A G Wildeman ◽  
M Zenke ◽  
C Schatz ◽  
M Wintzerith ◽  
T Grundström ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Point Mutations ◽  
Simian Virus 40 ◽  
Simian Virus ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Dnase I ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Dnase I Footprinting ◽  
Nuclear Extracts

HeLa cell nuclear extracts and wild-type or mutated simian virus 40 enhancer DNA were used in DNase I footprinting experiments to study the interaction of putative trans-acting factors with the multiple enhancer motifs. We show that these nuclear extracts contain proteins that bind to these motifs. Because point mutations which are detrimental to the activity of a particular enhancer motif in vivo specifically prevent protection of that motif against DNase I digestion in vivo, we suggest that the bound proteins correspond to trans-acting factors involved in enhancement of transcription. Using mutants in which the two domains A and B of the simian virus 40 enhancer are either separated by insertion of DNA fragments or inverted with respect to their natural orientation, we also demonstrate that the trans-acting factors bind independently to the two domains.

scholarly journals UV cross-linking identifies four polypeptides that require the TATA box to bind to the Drosophila hsp70 promoter.

1990 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 4233-4238 ◽  
Author(s):  
D S Gilmour ◽  
T J Dietz ◽  
S C Elgin
Keyword(s):  
Specific Protein ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Hsp70 Promoter ◽  
Intimate Contact ◽  
Nuclear Extracts ◽  
Multicomponent Complex ◽  
Tata Sequence ◽  
Drosophila Embryos

A protein fraction that requires the TATA sequence to bind to the hsp70 promoter has been partially purified from nuclear extracts of Drosophila embryos. This TATA factor produces a large DNase I footprint that extends from -44 to +35 on the promoter. A mutation that changes TATA to TATG interferes both with the binding of this complex and with the transcription of the hsp70 promoter in vitro, indicating that this interaction is important for transcriptional activity. Using a highly specific protein-DNA cross-linking assay, we have identified four polypeptides that require the TATA sequence to bind to the hsp70 promoter. Polypeptides of 26 and 42 kilodaltons are in intimate contact with the TATA sequence. Polypeptides of 150 and 60 kilodaltons interact within the region from +24 to +47 in a TATA-dependent manner. Both the extended footprint and the polypeptides identified by UV cross-linking indicate that the Drosophila TATA factor is a multicomponent complex.

scholarly journals Cell-cycle-specific transcription termination within the human histone H3.3 gene is correlated with specific protein–DNA interactions

1997 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALAN TAYLOR ◽  
LIQUN ZHANG ◽  
JOHN HERRMANN ◽  
BEI WU ◽  
LARRY KEDES ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Binding ◽  
Rna Polymerase Ii ◽  
Transcription Termination ◽  
Transcription Elongation ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Binding Activity ◽  
Mobility Shift ◽  
Nuclear Extracts

In vitro studies using highly purified calf thymus RNA polymerase II and a fragment spanning the first intron of H3.3 as template DNA have demonstrated the existence of a strong transcription termination site consisting of thymidine stretches. In this study, nuclear run-on experiments have been performed to assess the extent to which transcription elongation is blocked in vivo using DNA probes corresponding to regions 5′ and 3′ of the in vitro termination sites. These studies suggest that H3.3 expression is stimulated following the inhibition of DNA synthesis through the elimination of the transcription elongation block. Interestingly, both the in vivo and in vitro experiments have revealed that the transcriptional block/termination sites are positioned immediately downstream of a 73 bp region that has been over 90% conserved between the chicken and human H3.3 genes. The extreme conservation of this intronic region suggests a possible role in maintaining cis-acting function. Electrophoretic mobility shift experiments show that HeLa cell nuclear extracts contain protein factors that bind specifically to the region of transcription elongation block. Furthermore, we demonstrate a correlation between the protein binding activity and the transcriptional block in cells that have been either arrested at the initiation of S phase or were replication-interrupted by hydroxyurea. DNA footprinting experiments indicate that the region of protein binding is at the 3′ end of the conserved region and overlaps with one of the three in-vitro-mapped termination sites.

scholarly journals A Novel Type of Splicing Enhancer Regulating Adenovirus Pre-mRNA Splicing

2000 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 2317-2325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Mühlemann ◽  
Bai-Gong Yue ◽  
Svend Petersen-Mahrt ◽  
Göran Akusjärvi
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Mrna Splicing ◽  
Sequence Element ◽  
Temporal Regulation ◽  
Branch Site ◽  
Nuclear Extracts ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Infectious Cycle ◽  
Splicing Enhancer

ABSTRACT Splicing of the adenovirus IIIa pre-mRNA is subjected to a temporal regulation, such that efficient IIIa 3′ splice site usage is confined to the late phase of the infectious cycle. Here we show that IIIa pre-mRNA splicing is activated more than 200-fold in nuclear extracts prepared from late adenovirus-infected cells (Ad-NE) compared to uninfected HeLa cell nuclear extracts (HeLa-NE). In contrast, splicing of the β-globin pre-mRNA is repressed in Ad-NE. We constructed hybrid pre-mRNAs between IIIa and β-globin in order to identify the minimal IIIa sequence element conferring enhanced splicing in Ad-NE. Using this approach, we show that the IIIa branch site/pyrimidine tract functions as a Janus element: it blocks splicing in HeLa-NE and functions as a splicing enhancer in Ad-NE. Therefore, we named this sequence the IIIa virus infection-dependent splicing enhancer (3VDE). This element is essential for regulated IIIa pre-mRNA splicing in Ad-NE and sufficient to confer an enhanced splicing phenotype to the β-globin pre-mRNA in Ad-NE. We further show that the increase in IIIa splicing observed in Ad-NE is not accompanied by a similar increase in U2AF binding to the IIIa pyrimidine tract. This finding suggests that splicing activation by the 3VDE may operate without efficient U2AF interaction with the pre-mRNA. Importantly, this report represents the first description of a splicing enhancer that has evolved to function selectively in the context of a virus infection, a finding that adds a new level at which viruses may subvert the host cell RNA biosynthetic machinery to facilitate their own replication.

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