scholarly journals Recoil correction to hydrogen energy levels: A revision

1998 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 472-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Yelkhovsky
Keyword(s):  
Energy Levels ◽  
Hydrogen Energy ◽  
Recoil Correction

Relativistic recoil correction to hydrogen energy levels

1998 ◽  
Vol 31 (8) ◽  
pp. L337-L339 ◽  
Author(s):  
V M Shabaev ◽  
A N Artemyev ◽  
T Beier ◽  
G Soff
Keyword(s):  
Energy Levels ◽  
Hydrogen Energy ◽  
Recoil Correction

scholarly journals Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting by SrTiO3 with Surface Oxygen Vacancies

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2572
Author(s):  
Yanfei Fan ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
Hongyu Cui ◽  
Wen Wang ◽  
Qiaoyan Shang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visible Light ◽  
Water Splitting ◽  
Oxygen Vacancies ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Light Response ◽  
Hydrogen Energy ◽  
Surface Oxygen ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
Overall Water Splitting

Strontium Titanate has a typical perovskite structure with advantages of low cost and photochemical stability. However, the wide bandgap and rapid recombination of electrons and holes limited its application in photocatalysis. In this work, a SrTiO3 material with surface oxygen vacancies was synthesized via carbon reduction under a high temperature. It was successfully applied for photocatalytic overall water splitting to produce clean hydrogen energy under visible light irradiation without any sacrificial reagent for the first time. The photocatalytic overall water splitting ability of the as-prepared SrTiO3-C950 is attributed to the surface oxygen vacancies that can make suitable energy levels for visible light response, improving the separation and transfer efficiency of photogenerated carriers.

Hydrogen Energy Levels: Perturbation Caused by Proton Structure

Science ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 143 (3612) ◽  
pp. 1324-1325
Author(s):  
W. S. Porter
Keyword(s):  
Energy Levels ◽  
Hydrogen Energy ◽  
Proton Structure

Pure recoil corrections to hydrogen energy levels

1995 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 1854-1862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Pachucki ◽  
Howard Grotch
Keyword(s):  
Energy Levels ◽  
Hydrogen Energy

The quantum electrodynamics physical (QED-P) theory to complement quantum electrodynamics (QED)

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-27
Author(s):  
James H. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Electrodynamics ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Point Particle ◽  
Exclusion Principle ◽  
Hydrogen Energy ◽  
Far Field ◽  
Current Operator ◽  
Intrinsic Properties ◽  
Time Coordinate ◽  
Em Field

The electronic and muonic hydrogen energy levels are calculated very accurately [M. L. Eides, H. Grotch, and V. Shelyuto, Phys. Rep. 342, 63 (2001)] in Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) by coupling the Dirac Equation four vector c(α, I) current covariantly with the external electromagnetic (EM) field four vector in QED’s Interactive Representation. While QED has been extraordinarily successful computationally, it presents no physical description of the electron, or other charged leptons. The QED-Physical (QED-P) theory presented in this paper is equivalent to QED in that it is based only on the four-current c(α, I) that is the reason that QED is so accurate computationally. However, QED-P describes the electron geometrically through the internal time/coordinate operators derived directly from c(α, I) with no assumptions. QED-P’s internal coordinate operators define an electron Center of Charge (CoC) point vibrating rapidly in space and time in its unique vacuum, creating the current that produces the electron’s magnetic moment and spin, and eliminating the need for “intrinsic” properties. QED-P also cuts off the photon propagator in a natural way so that the electron self-energy is finite and ad hoc renormalization procedures are not necessary. The c α-Non Exclusion Principle states that, if QED accepts c(α, I) as the electron current operator because of the very accurate hydrogen energy levels calculated, then one must also accept the QED-P electron internal spatial and time coordinate operators (ISaTCO) derived directly from c(α, I) without any other assumptions. QED-P shows the electron to be in both spin states simultaneously, and it is the external EM field that forces the electron’s spin state to be measured up or down. QED-P describes the bizarre, and very different, situation illustrated in Fig. 1 when the electron and muon are located “inside” the spatially extended proton with their CoCs orbiting the proton at the speed of light in S energy states of hydrogen, shedding some insight into the proton radius puzzle. The electron only appears to be a point particle with intrinsic properties when observed/measured from the far field. The Dirac‐Maxwell‐Wilson Equations are derived directly from the electron ISaTCO, and its EM fields “look” like they are from a point particle in far field scattering experiments in the same way the electric field from a sphere with evenly distributed charge “e” looks like a point charge with the same charge in the far field (Gauss Law). A physical basis for Quantum Entanglement is derived that can be measured experimentally.

General Features of the Hydrogen Energy Levels

2007 ◽  
pp. 13-18
Author(s):  
Michael I. Eides ◽  
Howard Grotch ◽  
Valery A. Shelyuto
Keyword(s):  
Energy Levels ◽  
Hydrogen Energy

scholarly journals Effects of the Weak Interaction on the Hydrogen Energy Levels

1960 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 372-374
Author(s):  
Shigeo Goto ◽  
Shigeru Machida
Keyword(s):  
Weak Interaction ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Hydrogen Energy
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