scholarly journals Cutaneous vasomotor responses in boys and men

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 1019-1026 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary J. Hodges ◽  
Matthew C. Mueller ◽  
Stephen S. Cheung ◽  
Bareket Falk
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Skin Blood Flow ◽  
Local Heating ◽  
Handgrip Exercise ◽  
Isometric Handgrip ◽  
Local Skin ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Isometric Handgrip Exercise ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Few studies have investigated skin blood flow in children and age-related differences in the underlying mechanisms. We examined mechanisms of skin blood flow responses to local heating, postocclusive reactive hyperaemia (PORH), and isometric handgrip exercise in adult and prepubescent males, hypothesizing that skin blood flow responses would be greater in children compared with adults. We measured skin blood flow in 12 boys (age, 9 ± 1 years) and 12 men (age, 21 ± 1 years) using laser-Doppler flowmetry at rest, in response to 3-min PORH, 2-min isometric handgrip exercise, and local skin heating to 39 °C (submaximal) and 44 °C (maximal). Using wavelet analysis we assessed endothelial, neural, and myogenic activities. At rest and in response to local heating to 39 °C, children had higher skin blood flow and endothelial activity compared with men (d ≥ 1.1, p < 0.001) and similar neurogenic and myogenic activities (d < 0.2, p > 0.05). Maximal responses to 44 °C local skin heating, PORH, and isometric handgrip exercise did not differ between boys and men (all d ≤ 0.2, p > 0.05). During PORH children demonstrated greater endothelial activity compared with men (d ≥ 0.6, p < 0.05); in contrast, men had higher neurogenic activity (d = 1.0, p < 0.01). During isometric handgrip exercise there were no differences in endothelial, neurogenic, and myogenic activities (d < 0.2, p > 0.3), with boys and men demonstrating similar increases in endothelial activity and decreases in myogenic activity (d ≥ 0.8, p < 0.05). These data suggest that boys experience greater levels of skin blood flow at rest and in response to submaximal local heating compared with men, while maximal responses appear to be similar. Additionally, endothelial mediators seem to contribute more to vasodilatation in boys than in men.

Cutaneous vascular responses to isometric handgrip exercise during local heating and hyperthermia

2005 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 2011-2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregg R. McCord ◽  
Christopher T. Minson
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Skin Blood Flow ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Local Heating ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Handgrip Exercise ◽  
Isometric Handgrip ◽  
Hyperthermic Condition ◽  
Isometric Handgrip Exercise

The dramatic increase in skin blood flow and sweating observed during heat stress is mediated by poorly understood sympathetic cholinergic mechanisms. One theory suggests that a single sympathetic cholinergic nerve mediates cutaneous active vasodilation (AVD) and sweating via cotransmission of separate neurotransmitters, because AVD and sweating track temporally and directionally when activated during passive whole body heat stress. It has also been suggested that these responses are regulated independently, because cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) has been shown to decrease, whereas sweat rate increases, during combined hyperthermia and isometric handgrip exercise. We tested the hypothesis that CVC decreases during isometric handgrip exercise if skin blood flow is elevated using local heating to levels similar to that induced by pronounced hyperthermia but that this does not occur at lower levels of skin blood flow. Subjects performed isometric handgrip exercise as CVC was elevated at selected sites to varying levels by local heating (which is independent of AVD) in thermoneutral and hyperthermic conditions. During thermoneutral isometric handgrip exercise, CVC decreased at sites in which blood flow was significantly elevated before exercise (−6.5 ± 1.8% of maximal CVC at 41°C and −10.5 ± 2.0% of maximal CVC at 43°C; P < 0.05 vs. preexercise). During isometric handgrip exercise in the hyperthermic condition, an observed decrease in CVC was associated with the level of CVC before exercise. Taken together, these findings argue against withdrawal of AVD to explain the decrease in CVC observed during isometric handgrip exercise in hyperthermic conditions.

scholarly journals Neural and non-neural control of skin blood flow during isometric handgrip exercise in the heat stressed human

2009 ◽  
Vol 587 (9) ◽  
pp. 2101-2107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manabu Shibasaki ◽  
Peter Rasmussen ◽  
Niels H. Secher ◽  
Craig G. Crandall
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Skin Blood Flow ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Handgrip Exercise ◽  
Isometric Handgrip ◽  
Isometric Handgrip Exercise

Preserved reflex cutaneous vasodilation in cystic fibrosis does not include an enhanced nitric oxide-dependent mechanism

2007 ◽  
Vol 102 (6) ◽  
pp. 2301-2306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brad W. Wilkins ◽  
Elizabeth A. Martin ◽  
Shelly K. Roberts ◽  
Michael J. Joyner
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Skin Blood Flow ◽  
Local Heating ◽  
No Synthase ◽  
Local Skin ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Cutaneous Vasodilation ◽  
Reflex Cutaneous Vasodilation

In humans, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) may play a role in reflex cutaneous vasodilation during body heating. We tested the hypothesis that the nitric oxide (NO)-dependent contribution to active vasodilation is enhanced in the skin of subjects with cystic fibrosis (CF), compensating for sparse levels of VIP. In 2 parallel protocols, microdialysis fibers were placed in the skin of 11 subjects with CF and 12 controls. Lactated Ringer was perfused at one microdialysis site and NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (2.7 mg/ml) was perfused at a second microdialysis site. Skin blood flow was monitored over each site with laser-Doppler flowmetry. In protocol 1, local skin temperature was increased 0.5°C every 5 s to 42°C, and then it maintained at 42°C for ∼45 min. In protocol 2, subjects wore a tube-lined suit perfused with water at 50°C, sufficient to increase oral temperature (Tor) 0.8°C. Cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was calculated (flux/mean arterial pressure) and scaled as percent maximal CVC (sodium nitroprusside; 8.3 mg/ml). Vasodilation to local heating was similar between groups. The change (Δ%CVCmax) in CVC with NO synthase inhibition on the peak (9 ± 3 vs. 12 ± 5%CVCmax; P = 0.6) and the plateau (45 ± 3 vs. 35 ± 5%CVCmax; P = 0.1) phase of the skin blood flow response to local heating was similar in CF subjects and controls, respectively. Reflex cutaneous vasodilation increased CVC in CF subjects (58 ± 4%CVCmax) and controls (53 ± 4%CVCmax; P = 0.37) and NO synthase inhibition attenuated CVC in subjects with CF (37 ± 6%CVCmax) and controls (35 ± 5%CVCmax; P = 0.8) to a similar degree. Thus the preservation of cutaneous active vasodilation in subjects with CF is not associated with an enhanced NO-dependent vasodilation.

scholarly journals Minimal role for H1 and H2 histamine receptors in cutaneous thermal hyperemia to local heating in humans

2006 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 535-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett J. Wong ◽  
Sarah J. Williams ◽  
Christopher T. Minson
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Skin Blood Flow ◽  
Local Heating ◽  
Histamine Receptor ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Control Site ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Histamine Receptor Antagonist ◽  
And Control

The precise mechanism(s) underlying the thermal hyperemic response to local heating of human skin are not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate a potential role for H1 and H2 histamine-receptor activation in this response. Two groups of six subjects participated in two separate protocols and were instrumented with three microdialysis fibers on the ventral forearm. In both protocols, sites were randomly assigned to receive one of three treatments. In protocol 1, sites received 1) 500 μM pyrilamine maleate (H1-receptor antagonist), 2) 10 mM l-NAME to inhibit nitric oxide synthase, and 3) 500 μM pyrilamine with 10 mM NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME). In protocol 2, sites received 1) 2 mM cimetidine (H2 antagonist), 2) 10 mM l-NAME, and 3) 2 mM cimetidine with 10 mM l-NAME. A fourth site served as a control site (no microdialysis fiber). Skin sites were locally heated from a baseline of 33 to 42°C at a rate of 0.5°C/5 s, and skin blood flow was monitored using laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF). Cutaneous vascular conductance was calculated as LDF/mean arterial pressure. To normalize skin blood flow to maximal vasodilation, microdialysis sites were perfused with 28 mM sodium nitroprusside, and control sites were heated to 43°C. In both H1 and H2 antagonist studies, no differences in initial peak or secondary plateau phase were observed between control and histamine-receptor antagonist only sites or between l-NAME and l-NAME with histamine receptor antagonist. There were no differences in nadir response between l-NAME and l-NAME with histamine-receptor antagonist. However, the nadir response in H1 antagonist sites was significantly reduced compared with control sites, but there was no effect of H2 antagonist on the nadir response. These data suggest only a modest role for H1-receptor activation in the cutaneous response to local heating as evidenced by a diminished nadir response and no role for H2-receptor activation.

scholarly journals Impact Of Isometric Handgrip Exercise With Blood Flow Restriction On Interference Control And Affect

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (8S) ◽  
pp. 311-311
Author(s):  
Yujiro Yamada ◽  
Jun Seob Song ◽  
Zachary W. Bell ◽  
Vickie Wong ◽  
Robert W. Spitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Blood Flow Restriction ◽  
Interference Control ◽  
Handgrip Exercise ◽  
Isometric Handgrip ◽  
Flow Restriction ◽  
Isometric Handgrip Exercise

Effect of functional electrostimulation on impaired skin vasodilator responses to local heating in spinal cord injury

2009 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 1065-1071 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noortje T. L. Van Duijnhoven ◽  
Thomas W. J. Janssen ◽  
Daniel J. Green ◽  
Christopher T. Minson ◽  
Maria T. E. Hopman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Skin Blood Flow ◽  
Local Heating ◽  
Axon Reflex ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Cutaneous Vascular Conductance ◽  
Functional Electrostimulation

Spinal cord injury (SCI) induces vascular adaptations below the level of the lesion, such as impaired cutaneous vasodilation. However, the mechanisms underlying these differences are unclear. The aim of this study is to examine arm and leg cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) responses to local heating in 17 able-bodied controls (39 ± 13 yr) and 18 SCI subjects (42 ± 8 yr). SCI subjects were counterbalanced for functional electrostimulation (FES) cycling exercise (SCI-EX, n = 9) or control (SCI-C, n = 9) and reanalyzed after 8 wk. Arm and leg skin blood flow were measured by laser-Doppler flowmetry during local heating (42°C), resulting in an axon-reflex mediated first peak, nadir, and a primarily nitric oxide-dependent plateau phase. Data were expressed as a percentage of maximal CVC (44°C). CVC responses to local heating in the paralyzed leg, but also in the forearm of SCI subjects, were lower than in able-bodied controls ( P < 0.05 and 0.01, respectively). The 8-wk intervention did not change forearm and leg CVC responses to local heating in SCI-C and SCI-EX, but increased femoral artery diameter in SCI-EX ( P < 0.05). Interestingly, findings in skin microvessels contrast with conduit arteries, where physical (in)activity contributes to adaptations in SCI. The lower CVC responses in the paralyzed legs might suggest a role for inactivity in SCI, but the presence of impaired CVC responses in the normally active forearm suggests other mechanisms. This is supported by a lack of adaptation in skin microcirculation after FES cycle training. This might relate to the less frequent and smaller magnitude of skin blood flow responses to heat stimuli, compared with controls, than physical inactivity per se.

Control of skin blood flow by whole body and local skin cooling in exercising humans

1996 ◽  
Vol 270 (1) ◽  
pp. H208-H215 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Pergola ◽  
J. M. Johnson ◽  
D. L. Kellogg ◽  
W. A. Kosiba
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Skin Blood Flow ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Tissue Temperature ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Internal Temperature ◽  
Local Cooling ◽  
Local Skin ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Rate Of Increase

We examined the independent roles of whole body skin temperature (Tsk) and tissue temperature (local temperature, Tloc) in the control of skin blood flow (SBF) during cooling and the roles of the vasoconstrictor (VC) and active vasodilator (AVD) systems in mediating these effects. SBF was monitored by laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF) at untreated sites and sites with local VC blockade by pretreatment with bretylium (BT). Seven subjects underwent four sessions of moderate bicycle exercise (20-30 min duration) at neutral Tsk and Tloc (34 degrees C), neutral Tsk and cool Tloc (27 degrees C), low Tsk (28 degrees C) and neutral Tloc, and low Tsk and Tloc. Cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC; LDF/mean arterial pressure) was expressed relative to the maximum. Cool Tsk increased the threshold level of internal temperature at which CVC began to rise equally at BT-treated and untreated sites (P < 0.05). The rate of increase in CVC relative to internal temperature was reduced by local cooling. BT pretreatment partially reversed this effect (P < 0.05). Thus a cool environment results in reflex inhibition of the onset of AVD activity by cool Tsk and a reduced rate of increase in CVC due, in part, to norepinephrine release stimulated by cool Tloc.

scholarly journals Aging and aerobic fitness affect the contribution of noradrenergic sympathetic nerves to the rapid cutaneous vasodilator response to local heating

2011 ◽  
Vol 110 (5) ◽  
pp. 1264-1270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garry A. Tew ◽  
John M. Saxton ◽  
Markos Klonizakis ◽  
James Moss ◽  
Alan D. Ruddock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Local Heating ◽  
Sympathetic Nerves ◽  
Compensatory Mechanism ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
Local Skin ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Vasodilator Response ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Β Adrenergic Receptors

Sedentary aging results in a diminished rapid cutaneous vasodilator response to local heating. We investigated whether this diminished response was due to altered contributions of noradrenergic sympathetic nerves by assessing 1) the age-related decline and 2) the effect of aerobic fitness. Using laser-Doppler flowmetry, we measured skin blood flow (SkBF) in young (24 ± 1 yr) and older (64 ± 1 yr) endurance-trained and sedentary men ( n = 7 per group) at baseline and during 35 min of local skin heating to 42°C at 1) untreated forearm sites, 2) forearm sites treated with bretylium tosylate (BT), which prevents neurotransmitter release from noradrenergic sympathetic nerves, and 3) forearm sites treated with yohimbine + propranolol (YP), which antagonizes α- and β-adrenergic receptors. SkBF was converted to cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC = SkBF/mean arterial pressure) and normalized to maximal CVC (%CVCmax) achieved by skin heating to 44°C. Pharmacological agents were administered using microdialysis. In the young trained group, the rapid vasodilator response was reduced at BT and YP sites ( P < 0.05); by contrast, in the young sedentary and older trained groups, YP had no effect ( P > 0.05), but BT did ( P > 0.05). Neither BT nor YP affected the rapid vasodilator response in the older sedentary group ( P > 0.05). These data suggest that the age-related reduction in the rapid vasodilator response is due to an impairment of sympathetic-dependent mechanisms, which can be partly attenuated with habitual aerobic exercise. Rapid vasodilation involves noradrenergic neurotransmitters in young trained men and nonadrenergic sympathetic cotransmitters (e.g., neuropeptide Y) in young sedentary and older trained men, possibly as a compensatory mechanism. Finally, in older sedentary men, the rapid vasodilation appears not to involve the sympathetic system.

Cutaneous vascular responses to isometric handgrip exercise

1989 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 1586-1592 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. Taylor ◽  
J. M. Johnson ◽  
W. A. Kosiba ◽  
C. M. Kwan
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Dynamic Exercise ◽  
Laser Doppler ◽  
Handgrip Exercise ◽  
Isometric Handgrip ◽  
Local Skin ◽  
Vascular Responses ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Isometric Handgrip Exercise

Cutaneous vascular responses to dynamic exercise have been well characterized, but it is not known whether that response pattern applies to isometric handgrip exercise. We examined cutaneous vascular responses to isometric handgrip and dynamic leg exercise in five supine men. Skin blood flow was measured by laser-Doppler velocimetry and expressed as laser-Doppler flow (LDF). Arterial blood pressure was measured noninvasively once each minute. Cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was calculated as LDF/mean arterial pressure. LDF and CVC responses were measured at the forearm and chest during two 3-min periods of isometric handgrip at 30% of maximum voluntary contraction and expressed as percent changes from the preexercise levels. The skin was normothermic (32 degrees C) for the first period of handgrip and was locally warmed to 39 degrees C for the second handgrip. Finally, responses were observed during 5 min of dynamic two-leg bicycle exercise (150–175 W) at a local skin temperature of 39 degrees C. Arm LDF increased 24.5 +/- 18.9% during isometric handgrip in normothermia and 64.8 +/- 14.1% during isometric handgrip at 39 degrees C (P less than 0.05). Arm CVC did not significantly change at 32 degrees C but significantly increased 18.1 +/- 6.5% during isometric handgrip at 39 degrees C (P less than 0.05). Arm LDF decreased 12.2 +/- 7.9% during dynamic exercise at 39 degrees C, whereas arm CVC fell by 35.3 +/- 4.6% (in each case P less than 0.05). Chest LDF and CVC showed similar responses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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