STUDIES ON THE WESTERN WOOD-ROTTING FUNGUS PORIA ZONATA BRES.

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-91
Author(s):  
L. Gilbertson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Larix Occidentalis ◽  
Cultural Characteristics ◽  
Abies Grandis

Poria zonata Bres., a wood-rotting fungus known only from the western United States and British Columbia, is reported to be widely distributed within that area on recently fallen trees of Abies grandis, A. concolor, A. lasiocarpa, Larix occidentalis, Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Tsuga heterophylla. A description of the sporophores of the fungus, its cultural characteristics, and the white pocket rot caused by it are given.

Distribution of leaf orientations in six conifer species

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh J Barclay
Keyword(s):  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Leaf Angle ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
Abies Grandis

Leaf angle distributions are important in assessing both the flexibility of a plant's response to differing daily and seasonal sun angles and also the variability in the proportion of total leaf area visible in remotely sensed images. Leaf angle distributions are presented for six conifer species, Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl., Thuja plicata Donn. ex D. Don, Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg., Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. and Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia. The leaf angles were calculated by measuring four foliar quantities, and then the distributions of leaf angles are cast in three forms: distributions of (i) the angle of the long axis of the leaf from the vertical for the range 0–180°; (ii) the angle of the long axis of the leaf for the range 0–90°; and (iii) the angle of the plane of the leaf for the range 0–90°. Each of these are fit to the ellipsoidal distribution to test the hypothesis that leaf angles in conifers are sufficiently random to fit the ellipsoidal distribution. The fit was generally better for planar angles and for longitudinal angles between 0° and 90° than for longitudinal angles between 0° and 180°. The fit was also better for Tsuga heterophylla, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Picea sitchensis, and Pinus contorta than for Abies grandis and Thuja plicata. This is probably because Abies and Thuja are more shade tolerant than the other species, and so the leaves in Abies and Thuja are preferentially oriented near the horizontal and are much less random than for the other species. Comparisons of distributions on individual twigs, whole branches, entire trees, and groups of trees were done to test the hypothesis that angle distributions will depend on scale, and these comparisons indicated that the apparent randomness and goodness-of-fit increased on passing to each larger unit (twigs up to groups of trees).Key words: conifer, leaf angles, ellipsoidal distribution.

scholarly journals A review of dinosaurian body fossils from British Columbia, Canada

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iain J Reid
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Burgess Shale ◽  
History Of ◽  
Prairie Provinces

Since the 1900s, dinosaur fossils have been discovered from Jurassic to Cretaceous age strata, from all across the prairie provinces of Canada and the Western United States, yet little material is known from the outer provinces and territories. In British Columbia, fossils have long been uncovered from the prevalent mid-Cambrian Burgess Shale, but few deposits date from the Mesozoic, and few of these are dinosaurian. The purpose of this paper is to review the history of dinosaurian body fossils in British Columbia. The following dinosaurian groups are represented: coelurosaurians, thescelosaurids, iguanodontians, ankylosaurs and hadrosaurs.

Degrees of Intimacy

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Ehrenfeld
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Horseback Riding ◽  
The Past ◽  
Garibaldi Provincial Park ◽  
Walking Stick ◽  
Provincial Park

When we arrived in Vancouver at the start of our vacation, the tabloid headline at the newspaper stand caught our attention. “World’s Bravest Mom,” it shrieked. We stopped to read. The story was simple; it needed no journalistic embellishment. Dusk, August 19, 1996. Mrs. Cindy Parolin is horseback riding with her four children in Tulameen, in southern British Columbia’s Okanagan region. Without warning, a cougar springs out of the vegetation, hurtling at the neck of one of the horses. In the confusion, Steven Parolin, age six, falls off his horse and is seized by the cougar. Mrs. Parolin, armed only with a riding crop, jumps off her horse and challenges the cougar, which drops the bleeding child and springs at her. Ordering her other children to take their wounded brother and go for help, Mrs. Parolin confronts the cougar alone. By the time rescuers reach her an hour later, she is dying. The cat, shot soon afterward, was a small one, little more than sixty pounds. Adult male cougars can weigh as much as 200 pounds, we learn the next day from the BC Environment’s pamphlet entitled “Safety Guide to Cougars.” We are on our way to Garibaldi Provincial Park, where we plan to do some hiking, and have stopped in the park head-quarters for information. “Most British Columbians live all their lives without a glimpse of a cougar, much less a confrontation with one,” says the pamphlet, noting that five people have been killed by cougars in British Columbia in the past hundred years. (Actually, the number is now higher; cougar attacks have become increasingly common in the western United States and Canada in recent years.) “Seeing a cougar should be an exciting and rewarding experience, with both you and the cougar coming away unharmed.”However, the pamphlet notes, cougars seem to be attracted to children as prey, possibly because of “their high-pitched voices, small size, and erratic movements.” When hiking, “make enough noise to prevent surprising a cougar . . . carry a sturdy walking stick to be used as a weapon if necessary,” and “keep children close-at-hand and under control.”

The Biology of Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum)

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (S1) ◽  
pp. 7-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald C. Thill ◽  
K. George Beck ◽  
Robert H. Callihan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Bromus Tectorum ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Perennial Grassland

Downy brome (Bromus tectorumL. # BROTE), also known as cheatgrass, downy chess, broncograss, Mormon oats, and junegrass, was introduced into the United States from Europe, apparently during the middle of the nineteenth century (11, 21). According to Mack (23), downy brome entered British Columbia, Washington, and Utah around 1890; and by 1928 it had reached its present range, occupying much of the perennial grassland in Washington, Idaho, Oregon, Nevada, Utah, and British Columbia. Today, downy brome is a widespread weed throughout most of Canada, Mexico, and the United States, except for the southeastern United States (5, 17). Some consider downy brome to be an important forage because it provides most of the early spring grazing for livestock in western United States rangeland (21). However, it is also considered a troublesome weed in rangeland (31), winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) (27), several other crops (29), and noncropland (32).

Spatiotemporal patterns of observed bark beetle-caused tree mortality in British Columbia and the western United States

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 1876-1891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arjan J. H. Meddens ◽  
Jeffrey A. Hicke ◽  
Charles A. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Spatiotemporal Patterns ◽  
Western United States

SPECIES OF THE GENUS PINALITUS KELTON FOUND IN NORTH AMERICA (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)

1977 ◽  
Vol 109 (12) ◽  
pp. 1549-1554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard A. Kelton
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
North America ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Key To Species ◽  
European Species

AbstractOrthops rubricatus (Fallén), a European species now known to occur in North America, is transferred to the genus Pinalitus Kelton. Pinalitus solivagus (Van Duzee) is reported from British Columbia, and P. utahensis Knight and P. brevirostris Knight are considered to be synonyms of it. Pinalitus rostratus n. sp. is described from Canada and western United States. Pinalitus californicus Knight is transferred to the genus Proba Distant. A key to species is provided.

scholarly journals The impact of bark beetle infestation on monoterpene emissions and secondary organic aerosol formation in Western North America

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 29763-29800 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Berg ◽  
C. L. Heald ◽  
K. E. Huff Hartz ◽  
A. G. Hallar ◽  
A. J. H. Meddens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
North America ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Secondary Organic Aerosol ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Western North America ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Over the last decade, extensive beetle outbreaks in Western North America have destroyed over 100 000 km2 of forest throughout British Columbia and the Western United States. Beetle infestations impact monoterpene emissions through both decreased emissions as trees are killed (mortality effect) and increased emissions in trees under attack (attack effect). We use 14 yr of beetle mortality data together with beetle-induced monoterpene concentration data in the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Earth System Model (CESM) to investigate the impact of beetle mortality and attack on monoterpene emissions and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in Western North America. Regionally, beetle infestations may have a significant impact on monoterpene emissions and SOA concentrations, with up to a 4-fold increase in monoterpene emissions and up to a 40% increase in SOA concentrations in some years (following a scenario where the attack effect is based on observed lodgepole pine response). Responses to beetle attack depend on the extent of previous mortality and the number of trees under attack in a given year, which can vary greatly over space and time. Simulated enhancements peak in 2004 (British Columbia) and 2008 (US). Responses to beetle attack are shown to be substantially larger (up to a 3-fold localized increase in SOA concentrations) when following a scenario based on bark-beetle attack in spruce trees. Placed in the context of observations from the IMPROVE network, the changes in SOA concentrations due to beetle attack are in most cases small compared to the large annual and interannual variability in total organic aerosol which is driven by wildfire activity in Western North America. This indicates that most beetle-induced SOA changes are not likely detectable in current observation networks; however these changes may impede efforts to achieve natural visibility conditions in the national parks and wilderness areas of the Western United States.

Interactive effects of light and stratification on the germination of some British Columbia conifers

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (11) ◽  
pp. 1635-1646 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. J. Li ◽  
P. J. Burton ◽  
C. L. Leadem
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
Larix Occidentalis ◽  
Tree Seed

Pregermination stratification treatment was generally more important than the effects of light on seed germination by 14 conifer species and varieties native to British Columbia. Nevertheless, there were some strong species differences in the response of germination to light. Final germination percentage after 21 days (28 days for Abies spp.) for both stratified and unstratified seeds of Picea glauca, Picea sitchensis, and Tsuga heterophylla showed no response to light during germination. Seed germination by Abies grandis, Pinus contorta var. contorta, Pinus contorta var. latifolia, Pinus ponderosa, Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca, and Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii responded positively to light if unstratified but was not significantly affected by light when stratified. For Thuja plicata seeds, germination responded positively to light regardless of stratification pretreatment. Light appeared to reduce germination of stratified seeds of Abies amabilis, Abies lasiocarpa, Larix occidentalis, and Pinus monticola, although stratification conditions for these species were suboptimal. The germination rate of stratified seeds of all species and unstratified seeds of most species was increased by light. Results showed no significant relationship between germination response to light and shade-tolerance ranking or mean seed weight of the species. In six seed lots of Pinus contorta var. latifolia, however, we detected a weak negative correlation between mean seed weight and unstratified light responsivity measured after 1 week but a significant positive correlation when measured after 3 weeks. Very low light levels in closed-canopy forests or in the forest floor may prolong tree seed germination but are unlikely to constrain final germination levels after most seeds have been naturally stratified by moist, cool winter conditions. The importance of differences in the rate and timing of tree seed germination under natural conditions remains to be demonstrated. Key words: conifer biology, forest regeneration, light response, lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta, seed germination, stratification.

CYTOTAXONOMY OF CIRSIUM HOOKERIANUM AND RELATED SPECIES

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 597-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Moore ◽  
C. Frankton
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Chromosome Counts

The morphology and distribution of Cirsium hookerianum, a species almost entirely Canadian, and of four related species of the western United States (C. tweedyi, C. scopulorum, C. eatonii, and C. × clavatum) are described and the evolution of the group is discussed. Chromosome counts are reported for C. hookerianum, 2n = 34, 34 + 2 accessories; C. scopulorum, 2n = 34, 34 + 2 accessories; C. tweedyi, 2n = 34. A population of hybrids between C. hookerianum and C. undulatum in British Columbia is described.

Eolian coastal dune deposits and surrounding marine sandstones, Rocky Mountain Supergroup (Lower Pennsylvanian), southeastern British Columbia

1980 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 1125-1140 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Douglas Stewart ◽  
Roger G. Walker
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Fair Weather ◽  
Cross Bedding ◽  
Open Sea ◽  
Bodies Of Water

The Pennsylvanian Rocky Mountain Supergroup, in the Elk Range, B.C., includes three sandstone formations: Tyrwhitt (about 100 m thick), Storelk (about 95 m), and Tobermory (about 75). The Tyrwhitt consists mostly of structureless sandstones which prove to be bioturbated in X radiographs. There is an abundant trace fauna, as well as brachiopods. The second most abundant facies consists of medium scale (up to about 1 m) cross-bedded sandstones. The Tobermory is essentially similar to the Tyrwhitt but contains fewer structureless sandstones, and more beds with ripple cross-lamination and horizontal lamination. Both formations were probably deposited slowly in water deeper than fair-weather wave base (deeper than 10–15 m).The Storelk, sandwiched between Tyrwhitt and Tobermory, is dominated by large scale (up to 10.5 m) sets of cross-bedding. These occur in three members, separated by two structureless members. The Storelk structureless members are not mottled in X radiographs, and no trace fauna was found in the field. There is only one 1 m thick fossiliferous bed within the Storelk, which is otherwise barren of trace or body fossils. We reject fluvial and marine sandwave interpretations of the large scale cross-bedding, and suggest that the Storelk represents a coastal eolian dune complex. Paleoflow directions are dominantly toward south-southwest, similar to Pennsylvanian paleowind directions in the western United States. The Storelk structureless members possibly represent sand blown into standing bodies of water, one of which was connected to the open sea (the fossiliferous bed).

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