Ectomycorrhiza synthesis between isolated roots of Eucalyptus pilularis and Pisolithus tinctorius

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 1237-1239 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Bailey ◽  
R. L. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Filter Paper ◽  
Callus Cultures ◽  
Pisolithus Tinctorius ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Apical Portion ◽  
Hypocotyl Explants ◽  
Hartig Net ◽  
Isolated Roots ◽  
Basal Portion ◽  
Eucalyptus Pilularis

Callus cultures were established from epicotyl–hypocotyl explants of Eucalyptus pilularis seedlings. Roots formed on these cultures were excised and placed in divided petri plates. The apical portion of each root was placed on filter paper overlying modified Bonner–Deverian medium, while the basal portion was placed on Bonner–Deverian medium containing carbohydrates. Plugs of Pisolithus tinctorius mycelium were placed adjacent to the apical portion of each root. After 10–14 days, approximately 40% of all root tips formed a mantle and Hartig net typical of ectomycorrhizas.

Ontogeny of Eucalyptus pilularis – Pisolithus tinctorius ectomycorrhizae. I. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (9) ◽  
pp. 1927-1939 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Massicotte ◽  
R. L. Peterson ◽  
A. E. Ashford
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Root ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Pisolithus Tinctorius ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Lateral Root Development ◽  
First Order ◽  
Hartig Net ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Roots ◽  
Eucalyptus Pilularis

Eucalyptus pilularis Sm. seedlings were grown in growth pouches and inoculated with the broad host range ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch. External morphology and internal structure of all stages of ectomycorrhiza formation on first-order and second-order laterals were studied. The morphology of the ectomycorrhiza is dependent on the stage of lateral root development at the time of colonization by fungal hyphae. Emerging lateral roots are colonized by hyphae originating from the inner mantle of the parent root. The Hartig net does not spread internally from the parent root to the lateral root. All primary tissues of mycorrhizal lateral roots are differentiated close to the apical meristem. The epidermal cells undergo a marked increased in radial growth instead of the usual elongation in the axial plane. The hypodermis is a barrier to the penetration of hyphae so that Hartig net formation is paradermal only. Older portions of ectomycorrhizal roots show a degeneration of the epidermis, hypodermis, and cortex excluding the endodermis, and a proliferation of hyphae in these senescing tissues.

Ontogeny of Eucalyptus pilularis – Pisolithus tinctorius ectomycorrhizae. II. Transmission electron microscopy

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (9) ◽  
pp. 1940-1947 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Massicotte ◽  
R. L. Peterson ◽  
C. A. Ackerley ◽  
A. E. Ashford
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Layer ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Root Cap ◽  
Pisolithus Tinctorius ◽  
Dense Layer ◽  
Hartig Net ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Fungal Hyphae ◽  
Cytoplasmic Content ◽  
Eucalyptus Pilularis

Eucalyptus pilularis – Pisolithus tinctorius ectomycorrhizae were synthesized in growth pouches, and ultrastructural features of the two symbionts were documented during ontogeny. In the root cap – meristem zone, fungal hyphae envelop the root cap and penetrate between root cap cells. These fungal hyphae have numerous organelles and nuclei, some of which are in mitosis. The inner mantle hyphae in this zone and in the pre-Hartig net zone are heterogeneous in cytoplasmic content and are separated from the epidermis by an electron-dense layer. In the young Hartig net zone, hyphae penetrate between epidermal cells which contain electron-dense vacuolar deposits. In this zone and in the older Hartig net zone, hyphae do not penetrate beyond the epidermis and therefore a paraepidermal Hartig net is formed. The outer cortical layer develops as a hypodermis with suberized cell walls. The root–fungus interface consists of Hartig net hyphae which form a labyrinthine wall system and epidermal cells which are enlarged radially and contain electron-dense vacuolar deposits.

Morphogenesis in Punica granatum (pomegranate)

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (8) ◽  
pp. 1644-1653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanchan Jaidka ◽  
P. N. Mehra
Keyword(s):  
Callus Tissue ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Punica Granatum ◽  
Callus Cultures ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Isolated Roots ◽  
Irregular Form ◽  
Diploid Cells

Explants of root, hypocotyl, cotyledon, stem, shoot tip, and leaf of seedlings obtained by in vitro germination of seeds, as well as embryos excised from seeds, were utilized for the induction of callus. Murashige and Skoog basal medium supplemented with naphthaleneacetic acid (4 ppm), kinetin (2 ppm), and coconut water (15%) was found to be optimal for induction and growth of callus from all explants. Growth rate experiments were performed with callus to study the effect of different growth regulators at various concentrations. The calluses were heterogeneous in nature and consisted predominately of diploid cells, although a few polyploid cells were also observed after two and four subcultures. Plantlets, isolated roots, leaves, and shoots were differentiated in various callus cultures. The root tips and shoot tips of such plantlets revealed only diploid constitution. Embryolike structures were formed in callus on transfer to media containing naphthaleneacetic acid and 6-benzylaminopurine. Embryoid development was traced to a single cell which was invariably isolated from the rest of the callus tissue. This initial divided to form a multicelled structure which later gave rise to a globular, ovoid, or heart-shaped embryoid, or one with irregular form. The embryoids germinated into complete plantlets with root and shoot. The embryoidal initials were mostly diploid but occasional aneuploids or polyploids were observed.

Structure and ontogeny of Betula alleghaniensis – Pisolithus tinctorius ectomycorrhizae

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 579-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Massicotte ◽  
R. L. Peterson ◽  
C. A. Ackerley ◽  
L. H. Melville
Keyword(s):  
Root Hairs ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Pisolithus Tinctorius ◽  
Initial Contact ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Structural Modifications ◽  
Hartig Net ◽  
Primary Roots

The ontogeny and ultrastructure of ectomycorrhizae synthesized between Betula alleghaniensis (yellow birch) and Pisolithus tinctorius, a broad host range fungus, were studied to determine the structural modifications in both symbionts during ectomycorrhiza establishment. A number of stages, including initial contact of hyphae with the root surface, early mantle formation, and mature mantle formation, were distinguished. Interactions between hyphae and root hairs were frequent. As a paraepidermal Hartig net developed, root epidermal cells elongated in a radial direction, but wall ingrowths were not formed. Repeated branching of Hartig net hyphae resulted in extensive fine branches and the compartmentalization of hyphal cytoplasm. Nuclei and elongated mitochondria were frequently located in the narrow cytoplasmic compartments, and [Formula: see text] thickenings developed along walls of cortical cells in primary roots.

scholarly journals KARAKTERISTIK AKAR BEREKTOMIKORIZA PADA Shorea pinanga, Pinus merkusii DAN Gnetum gnemon

PERENNIAL ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Melya Riniarti ◽  
Irdika Mansur ◽  
Arum Sekar Wulandari ◽  
Cecep Kusmana
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Clamp Connection ◽  
The Other ◽  
Branching Pattern ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Hartig Net ◽  
Gnetum Gnemon ◽  
Pinus Merkusii

Morphology and anatomy characteristics often used to identify ectomycorrhizal fungi. We used three Scleroderma spp. (Scleroderma columnare, S. dictyosporum), and S. sinnamariense) and inoculated to Shorea pinanga, Pinus merkusii, and Gnetum gnemon. After 6,8, and 10 months, each root tips were collected to determined hyphae colour, branching pattern, clamp-connection, hartig net and mantle. This result revealed that S. sinnamariense did not form association with S. pinanga and P. merkusii but form association with G. gnemon. On the other hand, S. columnare and S. dictyosporum could form association with all the host plants. S. columnare and S. dictyosporum formed white hyphae while S. sinnamariense formed yellow hyphae with monopodial branching pattern. The depth of hartig net and mantle was increased by timed. Key words: ectomycorrhizal fungi, hartig net, mantle, Scleroderma

scholarly journals Infection with Rhizoctonia solani Induces Defense Genes and Systemic Resistance in Potato Sprouts Grown Without Light

2008 ◽  
Vol 98 (11) ◽  
pp. 1190-1198 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Lehtonen ◽  
P. Somervuo ◽  
J. P. T. Valkonen
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Pathogen Defense ◽  
Systemic Induction ◽  
Challenge Inoculation ◽  
Apical Portion ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
Basal Portion

Rhizoctonia solani is an important soilborne and seedborne fungal pathogen of potato (Solanum tuberosum). The initial infection of sprouts prior to emergence causes lesions and may be lethal to the sprout or sprout tip, which results in initiation and compensatory growth of new sprouts. They emerge successfully and do not suffer significant damage. The mechanism behind this recovery phenomenon is not known. It was hypothesized that infection may induce pathogen defense in sprouts, which was investigated in the present study. Tubers were sprouted in cool and moist conditions in darkness to mimic conditions beneath soil. The basal portion of the sprout was isolated from the apical portion with a soft plastic collar and inoculated with highly virulent R. solani. Induction of defense-related responses was monitored in the apical portion using microarray and quantitative polymerase chain reaction techniques at 48 and 120 h postinoculation (hpi) and by challenge-inoculation with R. solani in two experiments. Differential expression of 122 and 779 genes, including many well-characterized defense-related genes, was detected at 48 and 120 hpi, respectively. The apical portion of the sprout also expressed resistance which inhibited secondary infection of the sprouts. The observed systemic induction of resistance in sprouts upon infection with virulent R. solani provides novel information about pathogen defense in potato before the plant emerges and becomes photosynthetically active. These results advance our understanding of the little studied subject of pathogen defense in subterranean parts of plants.

Nitrogen source effects on Al toxicity in nonmycorrhizal and mycorrhizal pitch pine (Pinus rigida) seedlings. II. Nitrate reduction and NO3− uptake

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (12) ◽  
pp. 2653-2659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan R. Cumming
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Nitrate Reduction ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Pisolithus Tinctorius ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Pinus Rigida ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Pitch Pine ◽  
Nr Activity

Nitrogen source utilization, mediated by the ectomycorrhizal symbiont Pisolithus tinctorius, may modulate Al toxicity in pitch pine (Pinus rigida) seedlings. Nitrate reduction, occurring primarily in the roots of pitch pine seedlings, represents a critical metabolic pathway that may be directly sensitive to Al or indirectly affected by changes in NO3− availability associated with Al exposure or mycorrhizal infection. To investigate these possibilities, pitch pine seedlings were grown in sand culture with NO3−, NH4NO3, or NH4+ and exposed to 0 or 200 μM Al for 6 weeks. Foliar N concentrations, root nitrate reductase (NR) activity, and Al inhibition of NR activity were highly dependent on the proportion of NO3− of the nutrient solution. The association of Pisolithus tinctorius with seedling roots reduced both root and foliar NR activity compared with non-inoculated controls, suggesting that NO3− uptake and translocation to foliage was reduced by the symbiont. This was confirmed by using 36ClO3− to measure unidirectional plasma membrane NO3− fluxes. Mycorrhizal root tips absorbed 50% less NO3− than nonmycorrhizal root tips. Preferential use of NH4+ by ectomycorrhizal roots may thus result in reduced movement of Al into root tissue and amelioration of Al toxicity. Key words: Pinus rigida, ectomycorrhizae, aluminum toxicity, nitrogen source.

Ontogeny of Alnus rubra – Alpova diplophloeus ectomycorrhizae. II. Transmission electron microscopy

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Massicotte ◽  
C. A. Ackerley ◽  
R. L. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Root Cap ◽  
Alnus Rubra ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Hartig Net ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Meristem Zone ◽  
Basal Portion ◽  
Branching System

Ultrastructural features of the two symbionts in ectomycorrhizae formed between Alnus rubra and Alpova diplophloeus change with developmental stage. In the root cap – meristem zone, hyphae penetrate between vacuolated root cap cells and become appressed to epidermal cells containing small vacuoles, plastids with starch, numerous Golgi bodies, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum cisternae. In the young Hartig net zone, hyphae with few vacuoles penetrate between vacuolated epidermal cells that still contain numerous Golgi bodies but now have plastids with small starch grains. Hartig net hyphae begin to branch and eventually form a complex branching system in the mature Hartig net zone. Hartig net hyphae in the basal portion of the ectomycorrhizae synthesize lipid and finally become vacuolated.

Synthesis of Atropine by Isolated Roots and Root-Callus Cultures of Belladonna

1957 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred R. West, ◽  
Edward S. Mika
Keyword(s):  
Callus Cultures ◽  
Root Callus ◽  
Isolated Roots

A NEW HAPLOPTILIA WITH NOTES ON TWO OTHER SPECIES (LEPID)

1936 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 52-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. McDunnough
Keyword(s):  
Apical Portion ◽  
Basal Portion ◽  
As If

In the middle of June, 1934, while spending a few days at Annapolis Royal. N. S., I collected some Haploptilia cases of the pruniella type from the foliage of Kalvnia. Half a dozen or so of these cases were attached to the upper-side of the previous year's leaves; they were dull gray-brown in color and the apical portion was noticeably weather-worn as if the cases had hibernated; there was no sign that living larvae were within them as they remained perfectly quiescent on the leaves. A few other cases, found at the same time, showed evidence that living larvae were still within; these cases were brighter brown in color and appeared to have been more recently constructed as the apical portions showed clearly the smaller cases of one, and sonletimes two, previous instars, attached in the usual holster-like manner to the much larger and broader basal portion. These latter larvae crawled about in the receptacle and fed slightly but soon in their turn became quiescent. The accompanying figures give some idea of the two forms of cases.

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