Effect of Carbon Monoxide Exposure on Gas Bubble Disease in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Machado ◽  
T. G. Bell ◽  
A. L. Trapp ◽  
D. L. Garling Jr. ◽  
N. R. Kevern
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Survival Time ◽  
Prolonged Survival ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Gas Bubble ◽  
Dissolved Gas ◽  
Gas Bubble Disease ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Afferent Arterioles

Cumulative mortalities of 100, 50, 20, and 0% due to gas bubble disease (GBD) occurred on exposure of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) for 180 min to supersaturated water at 136, 130, 124, and 116% total dissolved gas saturation (TDGS), respectively. At 130% TDGS, a prior exposure to carbon monoxide (CO), which converted 80% of the hemoglobin to carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), significantly prolonged survival time, but cumulative mortality was insignificantly reduced in the same group. Histologically, all supersaturation mortalities had branchial lesions for GBD (characterized by gas displacement of blood from the afferent arterioles of the gill filaments), while 70% had gas emboli in the retinal choroid gland. At a TDGS of 100%, these histological lesions were not observed and the CO 80% COHb conversion did not induce mortality within 120 min. Breathing movements of both control and CO-exposed fish slowed greatly when a TDGS of 130% was imposed; however, the COHb conversion initiated tachypnea and the CO-treated fish maintained a relatively higher respiratory rate when exposed to supersaturation conditions for a period which was proportional to their prolonged survival time. We concluded that the initial formation of gas emboli preceding fatal GBD was delayed as a result of a CO-inhibited function of hemoglobin.

Histopathoiogy and the Pathogenesis of Embolism (Gas Bubble Disease) in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 1985-1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Machado ◽  
D. L. Garling Jr. ◽  
N. R. Kevern ◽  
A. L. Trapp ◽  
T. G. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Fixation Method ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Gas Bubble ◽  
Atmospheric Gases ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Rapid Fixation ◽  
Gas Bubble Disease ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Acid Secreting

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) affected with gas bubble disease (GBD) were examined histologically to determine the pathogenesis of the early stages of gas emboli formation. Lesions preserved by a rapid fixation method were located in tissues associated with acid-secreting glands or with high metabolic requirements. Following the development of small gas emboli formed in the retinal chorio-capillaries, a progressive development of unilateral exophthalmia was detected. A lesion found in every treated moribund fish but never in controls was gas displacement of the blood from the afferent arteriole within the gill filaments. The exposure of fish to well water containing graded levels of atmospheric gases from 114 to 118% nitrogen and 103 to 110% oxygen saturation resulted in high mortality. However, fish held in nitrogen varying between 103 and 117% and oxygen from 50 to 94% saturation experienced insignificant mortality. We suggest that hatchery oxygen levels should be maintained below 100% if nitrogen supersaturation is present to reduce mortality from GBD.

Occurrence of Gas-Bubble Disease in Three Species of Bivalve Molluscs

1972 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 588-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Malouf ◽  
Richard Keck ◽  
Don Maurer ◽  
Charles Epifanio
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Gas Bubble ◽  
Atmospheric Gases ◽  
Dissolved Gas ◽  
Bivalve Molluscs ◽  
Gas Concentration ◽  
Head Tank ◽  
Gas Bubble Disease ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Hard Clams

Gas-bubble disease was observed in adult oysters and hard clams held in heated running sea water during the winter. Heating the cold sea water in closed heat exchangers caused it to become supersaturated with atmospheric gases. Exposure of the animals to this water caused the formation of gas-filled conchiolin blisters on the valves of the oysters. Bubbles of gas were observed in the gill filaments of the oysters and clams and in the mantle tissue of the oysters. Any method, such as the use of baffles or an aerated head tank, that reduces the dissolved gas concentration in the water will help prevent the disease.

Gas Supersaturation as a Cause of Early Spring Mortality of Stocked Trout

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 268-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack A. Mathias ◽  
Jan Barica
Keyword(s):  
Early Spring ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Dissolved Gas ◽  
Lake Volume ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
Gas Bubble Disease ◽  
Prairie Lakes ◽  
Algal Photosynthesis ◽  
Oxygen Concentrations

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fingerlings, stocked through the ice of shallow prairie lakes, experienced high mortality even though algal photosynthesis had returned whole-lake oxygen concentrations to normal levels prior to ice melting. Fish caged beneath the ice showed symptoms of asphyxiation or gas bubble disease, depending on depth. Asphyxiation occurred at oxygen concentrations below 4 mg/L We identify total dissolved gas tension as the primary cause of bubble disease and resulting mortality, and demonstrate the relative contribution of oxygen and nitrogen to total gas tension. Significant mortalities were associated with oxygen relative partial pressures (gas partial pressure relative to total hydrostatic pressure) exceeding 0.2, but only when accompanied by nitrogen relative partial pressures above 1.1. Total relative gas tension under these circumstances exceeded 1.3. An increase in nitrogen partial pressures over the winter was attributed to the physical freeze-out of nitrogen from the ice in shallow lakes where reduction of lake volume due to ice formation is substantial.

Carbonic Anhydrase Activities from the Rainbow Trout Lens Correspond to the Development of Acute Gas Bubble Disease

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 134-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nejdet Gültepe ◽  
Orhan Ateş ◽  
Olcay Hisar ◽  
Şükrü Beydemir
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrase ◽  
Gas Bubble ◽  
Gas Bubble Disease

Survival of Steelhead Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Eggs, Embryos, and Fry in Air-Supersaturated Water

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan V. Nebeker ◽  
James D. Andros ◽  
Joel K. McCrady ◽  
Donald G. Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Fish Culture ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Gas Bubble ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Steelhead Trout ◽  
Gas Saturation ◽  
Gas Bubble Disease ◽  
Gill Cavity

Egg, embryo, fry, and swim-up stages of steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) were exposed to water at total gas saturation levels ranging from 130 to 115%. Eggs, embryos, and newly hatched fry were not affected at 126.7%, but at about day 16 posthatch when the fish began swimming up deaths occurred rapidly, and at the end of the test post button-up mortality ranged from 99% at 126.7% saturation to 45% at 115.3% saturation. Bubbles in the mouth, gill cavity, and yolk sac caused flotation and severe respiratory difficulties. Rupture of yolk-sac membranes also caused death. No differences were noted in survival between fish exposed from egg to fry, and those exposed only from swim-up to fry stage. In summary, there were differences in susceptibility among steelhead life stages to air-supersaturated water; eggs, embryos, and pre-swim-up larvae were more resistant than swim-up and later fry stages. Key words: trout, steelhead, supersaturation, gas-bubble disease, Salmo gairdneri, temperature, fish culture

scholarly journals Fish death caused by gas bubble disease: a case report

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 231-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Machova ◽  
R. Faina ◽  
T. Randak ◽  
O. Valentova ◽  
C. Steibach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Gas Bubble ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Ultimate Cause ◽  
Gas Bubble Disease ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Dead Fish

This work summarises the findings of an investigation on a local trout farm (Czech Republic), which was carried out in connection with the repeated deaths of salmonids (brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss). These fishes were reared in newly installed tanks that were supplied with water from the same source as the original outdoor nature pond where the fishes had been reared without problems. The skin of dead fish was pale and covered with a thin layer of mucus. The gills had lighter colour, and microscopically, gas bubbles were visible both on the surface of gills and inside the gill filaments. No changes were found in the body cavity and parasitological examination was negative. The water in the tank was of very good quality but its oxygen saturation reached 136%. Based on the results of fish examinations and water analysis, gas bubble disease was identified as the ultimate cause of fish deaths. After making technical adjustments (technical changes to the pumping of water from the spring and ventilation of the storage tank in the building) oxygen saturation in water remained below 100% and no further cases of gas bubble disease (or fish deaths) were recorded.

Effects of Cadmium and Copper on the Oxidation of Lactate by Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Gills

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 1553-1558 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Bilinski ◽  
R. E. E. Jonas
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Oxidative Activity ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Detectable Effect ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Gill Filaments

The oxidative activity of gill filaments was determined by measuring the liberation of 14CO2 from Na-lactate-3-14C. In fish surviving the exposure to 10−5 M CdCl2 (1.12 mg Cd/liter) for 24 hr or to 10−6 M CuCl2 (0.064 mg Cu/liter) for 48 hr, the oxidation of lactate by gills was inhibited by over 50%. The exposure of trout to lower metal ion concentrations resulted in mortalities, but there was no detectable effect on the oxidative activity in gills.

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