Chromosome polymorphism in natural populations of Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say species A and B

Genome ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Kaiser ◽  
J. A. Seawright ◽  
B. K. Birky
Keyword(s):  
X Chromosome ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Chromosome 3 ◽  
Chromosome Polymorphism ◽  
Chromosome 2 ◽  
Anopheles Quadrimaculatus ◽  
The Right ◽  
Maculipennis Complex

Ovarian polytene chromosomes from eight populations of Anopheles quadrimaculatus in the southeastern United States were observed for chromosomal polymorphisms. Two sibling species, species A and B, each with intraspecific inversions, were distinguished. Species A correlates with the previously published standard maps for salivary gland and ovarian nurse-cell polytene chromosomes. Species A was found at all eight collection sites, and five of these populations also contained species B. Three inversions on the right arm of chromosome 3 were observed in species A. Species B contained a fixed inversion on the X chromosome, one fixed and one floating inversion on the left arm of chromosome 2, and one fixed and one floating inversion on the right arm of chromosome 3. The fixed inversion on the X chromosome makes this the best diagnostic chromosome for distinguishing species A and B. An unusual dimorphism in the left arm of chromosome 3, found in both species A and B, contained two inversions. The heterokaryotypes, as well as two distinct homokaryotypes, were seen in all of the field populations. Intraspecific clinal variations in the frequencies of the species A inversions were noted. The Florida populations were practically devoid of inversions, the Georgia and Alabama populations contained some inversions, and the Arkansas population was mostly homozygous for two of the inversions. The phylogenetic relationships of species A and B to the Maculipennis complex (Nearctic) are discussed.Key words: Anopheles, inversion, populations, chromosome polymorphism, phylogenetics.

Genetic investigations of laboratory stocks of the complex of Anopheles balabacensis Baisas (Diptera: Culicidae)

1985 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey L. K. Hii
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Distinct Population ◽  
Anopheles Dirus ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Anopheles Balabacensis

AbstractExamination of the polytene chromosomes and cross-breeding data confirmed the specific status of Anopheles dirusPeyton & Harrison within the complex of A. balabacensis Baisas. The data also strongly suggested that A. dirus itself is a complex of at least two species, one of which, a hitherto unrecognized species, provisionally designated A. dirus species B, previously known as the Perlis form, occurs in northern Peninsular Malaysia. A distinct population from Thailand was designated A. dirus species A. The mosquitoes studied also include material from natural populations in Sabah, here provisionally designated A. balabacensis s.s., and may represent the first genetic analysis of this species. The Sabah material is distinct from either of the A. dirus forms. Hybrid males from crosses of A. balabacensis × A. dirus species A and of A. dirus species B females × A. dirus species A males were sterile. Chromosome studies also showed that reproductive isolation was accompanied by genetic changes in both the autosomesand X chromosome in the hybrid larvae.

scholarly journals AUTOSOMAL FACTORS WITH CORRELATED EFFECTS ON THE ACTIVITIES OF THE GLUCOSE 6-PHOSPHATE AND 6-PHOSPHOGLUCONATE DEHYDROGENASES IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Genetics ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-150
Author(s):  
C C Laurie-Ahlberg ◽  
J H Williamson ◽  
B J Cochrane ◽  
A N Wilton ◽  
F I Chasalow
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Background ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Pentose Phosphate ◽  
Chromosome 3 ◽  
Chromosome 2 ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
High Positive Correlation ◽  
Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Activity Variation ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

ABSTRACT Isogenic lines, in which chromosomes sampled from natural populations of D. melanogaster are substituted into a common genetic background, were used to detect and partially characterize autosomal factors that affect the activities of the two pentose phosphate pathway enzymes, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD). The chromosome 3 effects on G6PD and 6PGD are clearly correlated; the chromosome 2 effects, which are not so great, also appear to be correlated, but the evidence in this case is not so strong. Examination of activity variation of ten other enzymes revealed that G6PD and 6PGD are not the only pair of enzymes showing a high positive correlation, but it is among the highest in both sets of lines. In addition, there was some evidence that the factor(s) affecting G6PD and 6PGD may also affect two other metabolically related enzymes, transaldolase and phosphoglucose isomerase.—Rocket immunoelectrophoresis was used to estimate specific CRM levels for three of the enzymes studied: G6PD, 6PGD and ME. This experiment shows that a large part of the activity variation is accounted for by variation in CRM level (especially for chromosome 3 lines), but there remains a significant fraction of the genetic component of activity variation that is not explained by CRM level.—These results suggest that the autosomal factors are modifiers involved in regulation of the expression of the X-linked structural genes for G6PD and 6PGD, but a role in determining part of the enzymes′ primary structure cannot be excluded with the present evidence.

scholarly journals DEFICIENCY ANALYSIS OF THE TIP OF CHROMOSOME 3R IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Genetics ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 539-550
Author(s):  
Kritaya Kongsuwan ◽  
Robert P Dellavalle ◽  
John R Merriam
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Chromosome Analysis ◽  
Chromosome 3 ◽  
Molecular Analyses ◽  
Number Of Genes ◽  
The Right ◽  
Minute Mutations

ABSTRACT Region 98EF-100F in chromosome 3 is interesting for genetic analysis because it contains a number of genes of developmental importance. Although there are no preexisting simple deficiency stocks, this region is amenable to genetic manipulation using other types of rearrangements. In the present investigation we obtained deficiencies by combining the terminal deficiencies formed by segregation of Y;3 translocations with a series of duplications of the tip of 3R, both from Y;3 translocations with different breakpoints and from 3;1 duplications in which the 3R tip is carried as a second arm on the X chromosome. Analysis of such synthetic deficiencies reveals five haplo-abnormal loci in the 98A-100F interval. These include a haplolethal site, a newly described Minute and three previously reported Minute mutations. The newly discovered Minute has been designated M(3)99D and is localized cytologically to bands 99D1-9. The three previously reported Minute loci in the region have been localized more precisely: M(3)1 to bands 99B5-9, M(3)f to bands 99E4-F1 and M(3)g to region 100C-F. In addition, we have been able to obtain synthetic deficiencies uncovering all of the intervals from 99B5 to 100B. These deficiencies will be useful for future genetic and molecular analyses of the genes that map within the right tip of chromosome 3.

Cytological differences and chromosomal rearrangements in four members of the Anopheles dirus complex (Diptera: Culicidae)

Genome ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 372-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Baimai ◽  
A. Poopittayasataporn ◽  
U. Kijchalao
Keyword(s):  
X Chromosome ◽  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Anopheles Dirus ◽  
Chromosome Inversion ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Complex Species ◽  
Band Size

A reference photomap of the larval salivary gland, polytene chromosomes of the Anopheles dims complex (species A) is presented. Samples of species A, B, C, and D from natural populations in Thailand were compared to this standard map using the larval progeny of wild-caught females. All species show differences in their chromosome banding patterns involving band size, number, and shape, particularly at the free ends of the X, 2R, and 2L. These differences provide useful diagnostic characters for separating members of the species complex. However, overall banding patterns are conservative in the group: species A, B, and C are virtually homosequential. Species D is highly polymorphic for a single paracentric inversion in each of the four autosomal arms and has a fixed inversion on the X chromosome. This same X chromosome inversion occurs at low frequency in species A.Key words: Anopheles dirus, larval polytene chromosome, inversion polymorphisms.

scholarly journals DOSAGE COMPENSATION OF GENES ON THE LEFT AND RIGHT ARMS OF THE X CHROMOSOME OF DROSOPHILA PSEUDOOBSCURA AND DROSOPHILA WILLISTONI

Genetics ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 1119-1126
Author(s):  
Irene Abraham ◽  
John C Lucchesi
Keyword(s):  
X Chromosome ◽  
Dosage Compensation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Drosophila Pseudoobscura ◽  
Chromosome 3 ◽  
Chromosome 2 ◽  
Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Glycerophosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

ABSTRACT We have investigated the occurrence of dosage compensation in D. willistoni and D. pseudoobscura, two species whose X chromosome is metacentric with one arm homologous to the X and the other homologous to the left arm of chromosome 3 of D. melanogaster. Crude extracts were assayed for isocitrate dehydrogenase (XR), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (XL?), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (XL?), and α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (chromosome 2) in D. willistoni, and for esterase-5 (XR), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (XL?), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (XL?) and amylase (chromosome 3) in D. pseudoobscura. Our results indicate that a mechanism for dosage compensation is operative in both arms of the X chromosome of these two species.

scholarly journals SEGMENTAL ANEUPLOIDY AND THE GENETIC GROSS STRUCTURE OF THE DROSOPHILA GENOME

Genetics ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-184
Author(s):  
Dan L Lindsley ◽  
L Sandler ◽  
Bruce S Baker ◽  
Adelaide T C Carpenter ◽  
R E Denell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
X Chromosome ◽  
Chromosome 3 ◽  
Drosophila Genome ◽  
Chromosome 2 ◽  
Additive Effects ◽  
Chromosome 4 ◽  
Complementary Product ◽  
Segmental Aneuploidy

ABSTRACT By combining elements of two Y-autosome translocations with displaced autosomal breakpoints, it is possible to produce zygotes heterozygous for a deficiency for the region between the breakpoints, and also, as a complementary product, zygotes carrying a duplication for precisely the same region. A set of Y-autosome translocations with appropriately positioned breakpoints, therefore, can in principle be used to generate a non-overlapping set of deficiencies and duplications for the entire autosomal complement.—Using this method, we have succeeded in examining segmental aneuploids for 85% of chromosomes 2 and 3 in order to assess the effects of aneuploidy and to determine the number and location of dosage-sensitive loci in the Drosophila genome (Figure 5). Combining our data with previously reported results on the synthesis of Drosophila aneuploids (see Lindsley and Grell 1968), the following generalities emerge.—1. The X chromosome contains no triplo-lethal loci, few or no haplo-lethal loci, at least seven Minute loci, one hyperploid-sensitive locus, and one locus that is both triplo-abnormal and haplo-abnormal. 2. Chromosome 2 contains no triplo-lethal loci, few or no haplo-lethal loci, at least 17 Minute loci, and at least four other haplo-abnormal loci. 3. Chromosome 3 contains one triplo-lethal locus that is also haplo-lethal, few or no other haplo-lethal loci, at least 16 Minute loci, and at least six other haplo-abnormal loci. 4. Chromosome 4 contains no triplo-lethal loci, no haplo-lethal loci, one Minute locus, and no other haplo-abnormal loci.—Thus, the Drosophila genome contains 57 loci, aneuploidy for which leads to a recognizable effect on the organism: one of these is triplo-lethal and haplo-lethal, one is triplo-abnormal and haplo-abnormal, one is hyperploid-sensitive, ten are haplo-abnormal, 41 are Minutes, and three are either haplo-lethals or Minutes. Because of the paucity of aneuploid-lethal loci, it may be concluded that the deleterious effects of aneuploidy are mostly the consequence of the additive effects of genes that are slightly sensitive to abnormal dosage. Moreover, except for the single triplo-lethal locus, the effects of hyperploidy are much less pronounced than those of the corresponding hypoploidy.

Assignment of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase to chromosome 2 and alcohol dehydrogenase to chromosome 3 of Anopheles albimanus

1984 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 590-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Narang ◽  
J. A. Seawright ◽  
N. L. Willis
Keyword(s):  
Linkage Group ◽  
Alcohol Dehydrogenase ◽  
Genetic Map ◽  
Chromosome 3 ◽  
Chromosome 2 ◽  
Anopheles Albimanus ◽  
Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase ◽  
Enzyme Loci ◽  
Dehydrogenase Isozyme ◽  
The Right

The inheritance and linkage group assignments were determined for the two enzyme loci, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (Got-I) and alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh-I). of Anopheles albimanus Weidemann. Got-I was assigned to the proximal position on the genetic map of the right arm of chromosome 2, and Adh-I was mapped at the distal position on the map of the right arm of chromosome 3. Gene sequences and linkage estimates are now available for 23 mutant and enzyme loci in A. albimanus.Key words: glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, alcohol dehydrogenase, isozyme, Anopheles albimanus, genetic map.

scholarly journals Genetic Analysis of the Heterochromatin of Chromosome 3 in Drosophila Melanogaster. II. Vital Loci Identified through Ems Mutagenesis.

Genetics ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 519-532
Author(s):  
G E Marchant ◽  
D G Holm
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Chromosome 3 ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Chromosome 2 ◽  
Complementation Groups ◽  
Sensitive Allele ◽  
Interallelic Complementation ◽  
The Right

Abstract Chromosome 3 of Drosophila melanogaster contains the last major blocks of heterochromatin in this species to be genetically analyzed. Deficiencies of heterochromatin generated through the detachment of compound-3 chromosomes revealed the presence of vital loci in the heterochromatin of chromosome 3, but an extensive complementation analysis with various combinations of lethal and nonlethal detachment products gave no evidence of tandemly repeated vital genes in this region. These findings indicate that the heterochromatin of chromosome 3 is genetically similar to that of chromosome 2. A more thorough genetic analysis of the heterochromatic regions has been carried out using the chemical mutagen ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). Seventy-five EMS-induced lethals allelic to loci uncovered by detachment-product deficiencies were recovered and tested for complementation. In total, 12 complementation groups were identified, ten in the heterochromatin to the left of the centromere and two to the right. All but two complementation groups in the left heterochromatic block could be identified as separate loci through deficiency mapping. The interallelic complementation observed between some EMS-induced lethals, as well as the recovery of a temperature-sensitive allele for each of the two loci, provided further evidence that single-copy, transcribed vital genes reside in the heterochromatin of chromosome 3. Cytological analysis of three detachment-product deficiencies provided evidence that at least some of the genes uncovered in this study are located in the most distal segments of the heterochromatin in both arms. This study provides a detailed genetic analysis of chromosome 3 heterochromatin and offers further information on the genetic nature and heterogeneity of Drosophila heterochromatin.

scholarly journals Epistatic Control of Non-Mendelian Inheritance in Mouse Interspecific Crosses

Genetics ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 143 (4) ◽  
pp. 1739-1752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xavier Montagutelli ◽  
Rowena Turner ◽  
Joseph H Nadeau
Keyword(s):  
X Chromosome ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Mendelian Inheritance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
Chromosome 2 ◽  
Mus Spretus ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
Strong Deviation ◽  
Marker Loci

Abstract Strong deviation of allele frequencies from Mendelian inheritance favoring Mus spretus-derived alleles has been described previously for X-linked loci in four mouse interspecific crosses. We reanalyzed data for three of these crosses focusing on the location of the gene(s) controlling deviation on the X chromosome and the genetic basis for incomplete deviation. At least two loci control deviation on the X chromosome, one near Xist (the candidate gene controlling X inactivation) and the other more centromerically located. In all three crosses, strong epistasis was found between loci near Xist and marker loci on the central portion of chromosome 2. The mechanism for this deviation from Mendelian expectations is not yet known but it is probably based on lethality of embryos carrying particular combinations of alleles rather than true segregation distortion during oogenesis in F1 hybrid females.

scholarly journals CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF CHROMOSOME 3 IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER: THE HOMOEOTIC GENE COMPLEX IN POLYTENE CHROMOSOME INTERVAL 84A-B

Genetics ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas C Kaufman ◽  
Ricki Lewis ◽  
Barbara Wakimoto
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Polytene Chromosome ◽  
Cytogenetic Analysis ◽  
Proximal Portion ◽  
Chromosome 3 ◽  
Gene Complex ◽  
Anterior Portion ◽  
Cytogenetic Evidence ◽  
The Right

ABSTRACT Cytogenetic evidence is presented demonstrating that the 84A-B interval in the proximal portion of the right arm of chromosome 3 is the residence of a homoeotic gene complex similar to the bithorax locus. This complex, originally defined by the Antennapedia (A n t p) mutation, controls segmentation in the anterior portion of the organism. Different lesions within this complex homoeotically transform portions OI the prothorax, proboscis, antenna and eye and present clear analogies to similar lesions within the bithorax locus.

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