EXOCELLULAR BACTERIAL POLYSACCHARIDE FROM XANTHOMONAS CAMPESTRIS NRRL B–1459: PART II. LINKAGE OF THE PYRUVIC ACID

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (11) ◽  
pp. 2188-2189 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Sloneker ◽  
Danute G. Orentas
Keyword(s):  
Pyruvic Acid ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Bacterial Polysaccharide

not available

EXOCELLULAR BACTERIAL POLYSACCHARIDE FROM XANTHOMONAS CAMPESTRIS NRRL B-1459: PART I. CONSTITUTION

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (11) ◽  
pp. 2066-2071 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Sloneker ◽  
Allene Jeanes
Keyword(s):  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Pyruvic Acid ◽  
Potassium Salt ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Solution Viscosity ◽  
Bacterial Polysaccharide ◽  
Partial Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Acid Stable ◽  
End Group

Polysaccharide B-1459 is the first bacterial polysaccharide reported to contain pyruvic acid as a constituent. The polysaccharide, isolated as the potassium salt, was shown to be composed of D-glucose, D-mannose, and D-glucuronic acid, acetic acid, and pyruvic acid in the ratio 2.8:3.0:2.0:1.7:0.51–0.63. One-third of the total mannose was released readily as free mannose by graded acid hydrolysis with only a slow loss of the high solution viscosity. The remainder of the mannose was isolated as the acid-stable aldobiouronic acid 2-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-D-mannose. Partial acid hydrolysis and preparative paper chromatography afforded two higher oligosaccharides: an aldotriouronic acid composed of glucuronic acid β-linked 1,2 to mannose with glucose as the reducing end group, and what appears to be an aldotetraouronic acid composed of glucuronic acid, mannose, and glucose.

EXOCELLULAR BACTERIAL POLYSACCHARIDE FROM XANTHOMONAS CAMPESTRIS NRRL B-1459: PART III. STRUCTURE

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1261-1269 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Sloneker ◽  
Danute G. Orentas ◽  
Allene Jeanes
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Borohydride ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Bacterial Polysaccharide ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Anomalous Viscosity ◽  
Viscosity Behavior ◽  
Mild Acid

Periodate oxidation showed that the O-acetyl groups in the polysaccharide sterically affected the rate but not the extent of oxidation of the D-mannose residues, two-thirds of which were glycosidically substituted at C2 by a D-glucuronic acid residue and one-third of which was linked as a terminal side-chain residue. The D-glucose and D-glucuronic acid residues oxidized by periodate were substituted at C4, but both were more resistant to oxidation than were the D-mannose residues. One-third of the D-glucose residues and a significant quantity of the D-glucuronic acid residues were inert to vigorous periodate oxidation and may bear side-chain residues. Quantitative recovery of the periodate-stable D-glucose residues as 2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-D-erythritol, after the oxidized polysaccharide was reduced with sodium borohydride and hydrolyzed with mild acid, revealed that two-thirds of the D-glucose residues were in pairs linked (β, 1 → 4). The pyruvic acid linkage in the polysaccharide was established as a 4,6-O-1-carboxyethylidene ketal attached to a terminal D-glucose side-chain residue. The structure of the polysaccharide is discussed in relation to its anomalous viscosity behavior in salt solutions.

Pyruvic Acid, a Unique Component of an Exocellular Bacterial Polysaccharide

Nature ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 194 (4827) ◽  
pp. 478-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. SLONEKER ◽  
DANUTE G. ORENTAS
Keyword(s):  
Pyruvic Acid ◽  
Bacterial Polysaccharide

scholarly journals Use of Chicken Feather Peptone and Sugar Beet Molasses as Low Cost Substrates for Xanthan Production by Xanthomonas campestris MO-03

Fermentation ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murat Ozdal ◽  
Esabi Başaran Kurbanoglu
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Pyruvic Acid ◽  
Xanthan Gum ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Chicken Feather ◽  
Beet Molasses ◽  
Sugar Beet Molasses ◽  
Cost Efficient

Xanthan gum is one of the polysaccharides most commonly used in a broad range of industries (food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, etc.). Agro-industrial by-products are being explored as alternative low-cost nutrients to produce xanthan gum by Xanthomonas campestris. In this study, for the production of xanthan gum, sugar beet molasses and chicken feather peptone (CFP) were used as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. X. campestris produced the highest level of xanthan gum (20.5 g/L) at 60 h of cultivation using sugar beet molasses (40 g/L total sugar) supplemented with CFP (4 g/L) at pH 7, 200 rpm, and 30 °C. The pyruvic acid content of the xanthan gums increased with increasing CFP concentration. Compared with commercial organic nitrogen sources (tryptone, bacto peptone, and yeast extract), the highest production of xanthan gum was obtained with CFP. Moreover, among the tested peptones, the highest pyruvic acid (3.2%, w/w) content was obtained from CFP. The usage of sugar beet molasses and CFP as substrates in industries would enable a cost-efficient commercial production. These results suggest that sugar beet molasses and CFP can be used as available low-cost substrates for xanthan gum production by X. campestris.

Configuration of the pyruvic acid ketals, 4,6-O-linked to d-glucose units, in Xanthomonas campestris polysaccharide

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (17) ◽  
pp. 2005-2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. J. Gorin ◽  
J. F. T. Spencer ◽  
J. H. Sloneker ◽  
T. Ishikawa
Keyword(s):  
Pyruvic Acid ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris

A High-Pyruvate Xanthan for EOR

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (04) ◽  
pp. 594-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.C. Philips ◽  
J.W. Miller ◽  
W.C. Wernau ◽  
B.E. Tate ◽  
M.H. Auerbach
Keyword(s):  
Pyruvic Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Mobility Control ◽  
Side Chains ◽  
Ferric Ion ◽  
Permeability Reduction ◽  
Field Equipment ◽  
Assay Methods

Abstract High-pyruvate xanthan (HP xanthan) is produced by a proprietary strain of the Xanthomonas campestris proprietary strain of the Xanthomonas campestris organism and is available in the form of a 3 to 5 % broth or a 12 to 15 % concentrate. The liquid product is supplied commercially (FLOCON 4800 or 4800C (TM) from Pfizer Inc.) for use as a mobility control and Pfizer Inc.) for use as a mobility control and permeability reduction agent for micellar, water-thickened, and permeability reduction agent for micellar, water-thickened, and waterflood diversion projects. This paper deals with use of the product for mobility control. The biopolymer is similar in structure to other commercial xanthans but contains a significantly higher level of ketal-bound pyruvic acid. Assay methods, including those applicable pyruvic acid. Assay methods, including those applicable to field waters, are discussed. While dilute HP xanthan exhibits viscosity/ concentration profiles and pH sensitivities that are similar to other xanthans, it has superior tolerance to high levels of salinity and hardness. Injectivity, as measured by Millipore TM filtration, is not adversely affected by high levels of monovalent cations and magnesium ion. The presence of ferric ion produces severe filterability presence of ferric ion produces severe filterability deterioration, while problems with calcium and ferrous ions are less serious. Good filterability in the presence of iron or hardness cations is restored by use of certain chelating agents and surfactants. Sequential filtrations of HP xanthan and other xanthans have been carried out with various-size Millipore membranes. On this basis, the effective size of the HP-xanthan molecule was shown to be no larger than 0.2 mu m. Compatibilities of HP xanthan with biocities, oxygen scavengers, and surfactants are discussed, as is information demonstrating control of microbiological problems and field propagation of the biopolymer. Introduction Activity among U.S. petroleum producers in EOR has increased significantly in recent years as a result of windfall profit tax incentives and the increasing number of waterflooded reservoirs that are approaching the limits of economic viability. Xanthan gums and hydrolyzed polyacrylamides have been used for mobility control in polyacrylamides have been used for mobility control in nearly all chemical flood projects to date. The choice between polyacrylamide and xanthan for EOR depends on a number of factors. Both polymers require a biocide to ensure protection against microbial attack. Although xanthan is more expensive than polyacrylamide, it offers outstanding resistance to shear polyacrylamide, it offers outstanding resistance to shear degradation that is troublesome for polyacrylamides in low-permeability formations. Also, in contrast to polyacrylamides, xanthan is retained to a lesser extent on polyacrylamides, xanthan is retained to a lesser extent on formation rock and is largely insensitive to waters with high salt content. A significant percentage of fields targeted for future EOR processes contain brine of high salinity and/or high hardness; and with growing restrictions on freshwater supplies, field brines will be used increasingly as injection fluids. Early injectivity problems associated with solutions of solid xanthan have been alleviated through the use of readily diluted liquid products. products. HP xanthan is available commercially as a liquid broth or concentrate. Rheological and injectivity properties of the biopolymer, as they relate to mobility control, are discussed. Xanthan Structures Xanthan contains D-glucose, D-mannose, and D-glucuronic acid in the repeating pentasaccharide unit shown in Fig. 1. In addition to the constituent sugars, acetate groups and pyruvic acid ketals are found in the side chains, and it has been reported that xanthan rheological properties are dramatically affected by pyruvate content. Table 1 shows pyruvic acid content as pyruvate content. Table 1 shows pyruvic acid content as a function of the percent of side chains bearing the pyruvate ketal moiety. HP xanthan is unique among pyruvate ketal moiety. HP xanthan is unique among xanthans in that most of the side chains contain this functionality, with the resulting pyruvic acid content being approximately twice that of commercial solid xanthan. Broth Properties Broth viscosities, as a function of concentration (activity basis), for HP xanthan and a conventional xanthan broth are shown in Fig. 2. HP-xanthan broth has a distinctly lower viscosity than conventional broth, and at concentrations of 0.1% or higher, it exhibits substantially lower yield points. These factors enable more efficient mass transfer during the fermentation process and permit production of a higher-assay broth. production of a higher-assay broth. An aqueous concentrate of 12 to 15 % xanthan, which offers further improved economics by significant reduction in shipping costs, is now available commercially. While more viscous than broth (Brookfield viscosity 12,000 to 13,500 cp [12.0 to 13.5 Pas], No. 4 spindle, 30 rev/min), the concentrate flows smoothly and is readily pumped and diluted with the same field equipment used for handling the normal 3 to 5 % broth. SPEJ P. 594

Nucleotide sequences involved in the neolysogenic insertion of filamentous phage Cf16-v1 into the Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri chromosome

Virology ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 167 (2) ◽  
pp. 613-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
H DAI ◽  
T CHOW ◽  
H LIAO ◽  
Z CHEN ◽  
K CHIANG
Keyword(s):  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Nucleotide Sequences ◽  
Filamentous Phage

Mg++ - and Ca++-Induced Platelet Aggregation and ADP

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (03/04) ◽  
pp. 432-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Cronberg ◽  
J. P Caen
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Pyruvate Kinase ◽  
Pyruvic Acid ◽  
Active Principle ◽  
Platelet Suspension ◽  
Edta Plasma ◽  
Phosphoenol Pyruvic Acid

SummaryReports on platelet aggregation after addition of calcium or magnesium to EDTA- PRP or platelet suspensions were confirmed. An aggregating principle was found in the EDTA-plasma and the supernatant of the platelet suspensions. Aggregation by magnesium in a platelet suspension was inhibited by adenosine and phosphoenol- pyruvic acid and pyruvate kinase, which suggested that the active principle was identical with ADP. Degradation of ADP in EDTA plasma was blocked.It thus appears that aggregation induced by calcium or magnesium in EDTA-PRP and platelet suspension was due to accumulation of spontaneously liberated ADP, which was not degraded.

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