THE ENHANCEMENT OF PENETRATION OF AN ORGANOPHOSPHORUS ANTICHOLINESTERASE THROUGH GUINEA PIG SKIN BY DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. McDermot ◽  
A. J. Finkbeiner ◽  
W. J. Wills ◽  
R. M. Heggie
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Stratum Corneum ◽  
Dimethyl Sulfoxide ◽  
Penetration Rate ◽  
Pig Skin ◽  
High Concentrations

The penetration of both intact and stripped guinea pig skin by soman was enchanced by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), showing that DMSO does not act solely by increasing the penetration of stratum corneum. At high concentrations of DMSO the increase in penetration was masked by a decrease in the spreading of the mixtures on skin, but when this decrease was taken into consideration the penetration rate of soman increased with increasing DMSO concentrations up to at least 90%.

scholarly journals Toxicity and medical countermeasure studies on the organophosphorus nerve agents VM and VX

2015 ◽  
Vol 471 (2176) ◽  
pp. 20140891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Rice ◽  
Christopher H. Dalton ◽  
Matthew E. Price ◽  
Stuart J. Graham ◽  
A. Christopher Green ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Penetration Rate ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Scientific Advice ◽  
Complete Protection ◽  
Pig Skin ◽  
Syrian Arab Republic ◽  
Medical Countermeasures

To support the effort to eliminate the Syrian Arab Republic chemical weapons stockpile safely, there was a requirement to provide scientific advice based on experimentally derived information on both toxicity and medical countermeasures (MedCM) in the event of exposure to VM, VX or VM–VX mixtures. Complementary in vitro and in vivo studies were undertaken to inform that advice. The penetration rate of neat VM was not significantly different from that of neat VX, through either guinea pig or pig skin in vitro . The presence of VX did not affect the penetration rate of VM in mixtures of various proportions. A lethal dose of VM was approximately twice that of VX in guinea pigs poisoned via the percutaneous route. There was no interaction in mixed agent solutions which altered the in vivo toxicity of the agents. Percutaneous poisoning by VM responded to treatment with standard MedCM, although complete protection was not achieved.

scholarly journals Relationship between the Amount of Propranolol Permeating through the Stratum Corneum of Guinea Pig Skin after Application of Propranolol Adhesive Patches and Skin Irritation.

1996 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 839-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ichiro KOBAYASHI ◽  
Kyoko HOSAKA ◽  
Takashi UENO ◽  
Hiroki MARUO ◽  
Masashi KAMIYAMA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Stratum Corneum ◽  
Skin Irritation ◽  
Pig Skin

scholarly journals Исследование эффективноcти оптического просветления кожи растворами глицерина методом конфокальной микроспектроскопии комбинационного рассеяния света

2020 ◽  
Vol 128 (6) ◽  
pp. 753
Author(s):  
И.Ю. Янина ◽  
И. Шлойзенер ◽  
Ю. Ладеманн ◽  
В.В. Тучин ◽  
М.Е. Дарвин
Keyword(s):  
Confocal Microscopy ◽  
Stratum Corneum ◽  
Dimethyl Sulfoxide ◽  
Optical Parameters ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Optical Clearing ◽  
Pig Skin ◽  
Combination Scattering ◽  
Microscopy Method ◽  
Different Depths

The effect of glycerol solutions of various concentrations and exposure times on the effectiveness of optical clearing (OC) in intact pig skin was studied in the analysis of Raman spectra recorded at different depths. It was found that a solution of 80% glycerol and 20% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) penetrated through the stratum corneum for 45 min. An increase in OC was achieved using mixtures of optical clearing agents (OCA) with DMSO and distilled water. So, the greatest OC efficiency was observed using a mixture of 60% glycerol and 40% water for 45 min (an increase of 3.4 times at a depth of 80 μm). Thus, the possibility of monitoring the optical parameters of the skin at a depth of about 80 μm using the confocal microscopy method of combination scattering.

Hepatic uptake of intact glutathione S-conjugate, inhibition by organic anions, and sinusoidal catabolism

1993 ◽  
Vol 265 (3) ◽  
pp. G547-G554
Author(s):  
C. A. Hinchman ◽  
A. T. Truong ◽  
N. Ballatori
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Hepatic Uptake ◽  
Half Time ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Rat Livers ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Uptake And Metabolism ◽  
Guinea Pig Liver

To identify potential mechanisms for hepatic removal of circulating glutathione (GSH) conjugates, uptake and metabolism of S-2,4-dinitrophenylglutathione (DNP-SG) were examined in isolated perfused livers from rat and guinea pig. Guinea pig livers perfused with 5 mumol of DNP-SG in a recirculating system (50 microM initial concn) rapidly cleared the conjugate from the perfusate (half time 3.7 min), whereas clearance was considerably slower in rat liver (half time 35 min). Disappearance of DNP-SG from the perfusate was accompanied by a simultaneous appearance of DNP-SG and its metabolites in bile. Addition of acivicin, an inhibitor of gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma-GT), to the perfusate resulted in a marked decrease in DNP-SG clearance by guinea pig liver but had no effect in rat liver, suggesting that in the guinea pig this process is largely dependent on sinusoidal gamma-GT activity. However, even in the presence of acivicin, rat and guinea pig livers removed nearly one-half of the administered DNP-SG from the recirculating perfusate over 30 min. High concentrations of DNP-SG were found in bile (up to 3.7 mM), indicating that the liver is capable of transporting the intact conjugate from the circulation. When rat livers were perfused with higher concentrations of DNP-SG (100 and 250 microM), biliary excretion of DNP-SG increased dose dependently, with concentrations in bile reaching 10 mM at the higher dose. This was accompanied by a dose-dependent choleresis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals Cutaneous lipogenesis: precursors utilized by guinea pig skin for lipid synthesis

1971 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-360
Author(s):  
VICTOR R. WHEATLEY ◽  
LEONARD T. HODGINS ◽  
WILLIAM M. COON ◽  
MUTUKUMARA KUMARASIRI ◽  
HAROLD BERENZWEIG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Pig Skin

Final Report of the Safety Assessment of Kojic Acid as Used in Cosmetics

2010 ◽  
Vol 29 (6_suppl) ◽  
pp. 244S-273S ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina L. Burnett ◽  
Wilma F. Bergfeld ◽  
Donald V. Belsito ◽  
Ronald A. Hill ◽  
Curtis D. Klaassen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Expert Panel ◽  
Kojic Acid ◽  
Tumor Promotion ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Cosmetic Products ◽  
Pig Skin ◽  
Animal Data ◽  
Skin Lightening

Kojic acid functions as an antioxidant in cosmetic products. Kojic acid was not a toxicant in acute, chronic, reproductive, and genotoxicity studies. While some animal data suggested tumor promotion and weak carcinogenicity, kojic acid is slowly absorbed into the circulation from human skin and likely would not reach the threshold at which these effects were seen. The available human sensitization data supported the safety of kojic acid at a use concentration of 2% in leave-on cosmetics. Kojic acid depigmented black guinea pig skin at a concentration of 4%, but this effect was not seen at 1%. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel concluded that the 2 end points of concern, dermal sensitization and skin lightening, would not be seen at use concentrations below 1%; therefore, this ingredient is safe for use in cosmetic products up to that level.

Phospholipids (PL) in the Arthus reaction sites induced in guinea-pig skin

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
T. Tachibana ◽  
S. Taniguchi ◽  
S. Imamura
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Arthus Reaction ◽  
Pig Skin
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