Localization in the Cerebellar Hemisphere of Climbing-Fiber Responses Evoked from the Trigeminal Nerve in the Cat

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 1147-1153 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. Miles ◽  
J. D. Cooke ◽  
M. Wiesendanger
Keyword(s):  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Cerebellar Hemisphere ◽  
Projection Area ◽  
Field Potentials ◽  
Facial Skin ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Climbing Fiber Responses ◽  
Stimulation Of

The area of cerebellar cortex to which climbing fibers (CF) project from trigeminal cutaneous afferents has been established in pentobarbital-anesthetized cats. This area is centered upon the ipsilateral lobule HVI, with some overlap onto adjoining folia of the anterior lobe (lobule V) and onto crus Ia of lobule HVIIA. At almost all points within the projection area, CF field potentials of various amplitudes could be elicited by stimulation of more than one trigeminal branch. Hence the general somatotopic arrangement was a complex pattern of inputs converging onto many points from spatially related areas of facial skin. Convergence from more than one nerve was also seen on 32 of 47 single Purkinje cells.

scholarly journals Cerebellar implementation of movement sequences through feedback

eLife ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrei Khilkevich ◽  
Juan Zambrano ◽  
Molly-Marie Richards ◽  
Michael Dean Mauk
Keyword(s):  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
General Framework ◽  
Eyelid Conditioning ◽  
Mossy Fibers ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Single Component ◽  
Associate Learning ◽  
Stimulation Of

Most movements are not unitary, but are comprised of sequences. Although patients with cerebellar pathology display severe deficits in the execution and learning of sequences (Doyon et al., 1997; Shin and Ivry, 2003), most of our understanding of cerebellar mechanisms has come from analyses of single component movements. Eyelid conditioning is a cerebellar-mediated behavior that provides the ability to control and restrict inputs to the cerebellum through stimulation of mossy fibers. We utilized this advantage to test directly how the cerebellum can learn a sequence of inter-connected movement components in rabbits. We show that the feedback signals from one component are sufficient to serve as a cue for the next component in the sequence. In vivo recordings from Purkinje cells demonstrated that all components of the sequence were encoded similarly by cerebellar cortex. These results provide a simple yet general framework for how the cerebellum can use simple associate learning processes to chain together a sequence of appropriately timed responses.

scholarly journals Cerebellar Cortex Contributions to the Expression and Timing of Conditioned Eyelid Responses

2010 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 2039-2049 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian E. Kalmbach ◽  
Tobin Davis ◽  
Tatsuya Ohyama ◽  
Frank Riusech ◽  
William L. Nores ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
Local Anesthetic ◽  
Eyelid Conditioning ◽  
Trace Conditioning ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Short Latency ◽  
Delay Conditioning ◽  
Conditioned Responses ◽  
Primary Fissure

We used micro-infusions during eyelid conditioning in rabbits to investigate the relative contributions of cerebellar cortex and the underlying deep nuclei (DCN) to the expression of cerebellar learning. These tests were conducted using two forms of cerebellum-dependent eyelid conditioning for which the relative roles of cerebellar cortex and DCN are controversial: delay conditioning, which is largely unaffected by forebrain lesions, and trace conditioning, which involves interactions between forebrain and cerebellum. For rabbits trained with delay conditioning, silencing cerebellar cortex by micro-infusions of the local anesthetic lidocaine unmasked stereotyped short-latency responses. This was also the case after extinction as observed previously with reversible blockade of cerebellar cortex output. Conversely, increasing cerebellar cortex activity by micro-infusions of the GABAA antagonist picrotoxin reversibly abolished conditioned responses. Effective cannula placements were clustered around the primary fissure and deeper in lobules hemispheric lobule IV (HIV) and hemispheric lobule V (HV) of anterior lobe. In well-trained trace conditioned rabbits, silencing this same area of cerebellar cortex or reversibly blocking cerebellar cortex output also unmasked short-latency responses. Because Purkinje cells are the sole output of cerebellar cortex, these results provide evidence that the expression of well-timed conditioned responses requires a well-timed decrease in the activity of Purkinje cells in anterior lobe. The parallels between results from delay and trace conditioning suggest similar contributions of plasticity in cerebellar cortex and DCN in both instances.

scholarly journals Striped distribution pattern of Purkinje cells of different birthdates in the mouse cerebellar cortex studied with the Neurog2-CreER transgenic line

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingyun Zhang ◽  
Khoa Tran-Anh ◽  
Tatsumi Hirata ◽  
Izumi Sugihara
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
Transgenic Line ◽  
Striped Pattern ◽  
Aldolase C ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Tagging System

AbstractHeterogeneity of Purkinje cells (PCs) that are arranged into discrete longitudinal stripes in the cerebellar cortex is related to the timing of PC generation. To understand the cerebellar compartmental organization, we mapped the PC birthdate (or differentiation timing) in the entire cerebellar cortex. We used the birthdate-tagging system of neurog2-CreER (G2A) mice hybridized with the AldocV strain which clarifies the zebrin (aldolase C) longitudinal striped pattern.The pattern of the birthdate-dependent PC distribution was arranged consistently into longitudinally-oriented stripes throughout almost all lobules except for the nodulus, paraflocculus and flocculus, in which distinct stripes were observed.Boundaries of the PC birthdate stripes were found either in the middle or coincided with that of the zebrin stripes. PCs in each birthdate stripe were born in various periods between embryonic day (E) 10.0 and E 13.5.In the vermis, PCs were chronologically distributed from lateral to medial stripes. In the paravermis, PCs of early birthdates were distributed in the long lateral zebrin-positive stripe (stripe 4+//5+) and the medially neighboring narrow zebrin-negative substripe (3d-//e2-), while PCs of late birthdates were distributed in the rest of all paravermal areas. In the hemisphere, PCs of early and late birthdates were intermingled in the majority of areas.The results indicate that the birthdate of a PC is a partial determinant for the zebrin compartment in which it is located. However, the correlation between the PC birthdate and the zebrin compartmentalization is not simple, and distinct among the vermis, paravermis, hemisphere, nodulus, and flocculus.HighlightsBirthdates of Purkinje cells (PCs) were mapped on the cerebellar zebrin striped pattern by using Neurog2-CreER (G2A) mice.The vermis, paravermis, hemisphere, nodulus, and flocculus had distinct longitudinally-striped patterns of PC birthdate distribution.PCs in each birthdate stripe were born in various periods between embryonic day (E) 10.0 and E 13.5.Boundaries of PC birthdate distributions were located at the boundaries of zebrin stripes or in the middle of a zebrin stripe.The results indicate that the PC birthdate is a partial determinant for the zebrin compartment in which a PC is located.

Laminar analysis of activity-dependent increases of CBF in rat cerebellar cortex: dependence on synaptic strength

1997 ◽  
Vol 273 (3) ◽  
pp. H1166-H1176 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Akgoren ◽  
C. Mathiesen ◽  
I. Rubin ◽  
M. Lauritzen
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
Synaptic Strength ◽  
Parallel Fiber ◽  
Climbing Fibers ◽  
Parallel Fibers ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Activity Dependent ◽  
Stimulation Of

The purpose of the present study was to examine mechanisms of activity-dependent changes of cerebral blood flow (CBF) in rat cerebellar cortex by laser-Doppler flowmetry, using two synaptic inputs that excite different regions of the same target cell and with different synaptic strength. The apical part of Purkinje cells was activated by electrical stimulation of parallel fibers, whereas the cell soma and the proximal part of the dendritic tree were activated by climbing fibers using harmaline (40 mg/kg ip) or electrical stimulation of the inferior olive. Glass microelectrodes were used for recordings of field potentials and single-unit activity of Purkinje cells. CBF increases evoked by parallel fibers were most pronounced in the upper cortical layers. In contrast, climbing fiber stimulation increased CBF in the entire cortex. Inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthase activity by NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) or guanylate cyclase activity by 1H-[1,2,4(oxadiazolo)4,3-a]quinoxaline-1-one did not affect basal or harmaline-induced Purkinje cell activity but attenuated harmaline- and parallel fiber-evoked CBF increases by approximately 40-50%. Application of 8-(p-sulfophenyl)theophylline and adenosine deaminase reduced the harmaline-evoked CBF increase without any effect on the parallel fiber-evoked CBF response. The results suggest that CBF increases elicited by activation of Purkinje cells are partially mediated by the NO-guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate system independent of the input function but that adenosine contributes as well when climbing fibers are activated. This is the first demonstration of variations of coupling as a function of postsynaptic activity in the same cell.

Direct and relayed projection of periodontal receptor afferents to the cerebellum in the ferret

1987 ◽  
Vol 231 (1263) ◽  
pp. 199-216 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Field Potentials ◽  
Muscle Spindle Afferents ◽  
Latency Analysis ◽  
Jaw Muscle ◽  
To Come ◽  
Periodontal Afferent ◽  
Mossy Fibres ◽  
Stimulation Of

Field potentials in the cerebellar cortex of the ferret have been studied in response to stimulation of alveolar, muscular and cutaneous branches of the trigeminal nerve. Responses from the alveolar nerves are unusual in their very short latency. Evidence based on latency analysis, frequency following and comparison with other well-known inputs supports the view that the earliest field potentials are due to direct, unrelayed afferents, which terminate as mossy fibres. There is, in addition, a monosynaptically relayed afferent path via mossy fibres. The alveolar nerve afferents concerned with the direct projection are shown to come from periodontal mechanoreceptors and not from cutaneous receptors. No such connections are found from jaw-muscle spindle afferents. The direct and relayed periodontal pathways are both ipsilateral and crossed. They terminate in the cerebellar cortex in the parvermal region of lobules IV, V and VI. The functional significance of the direct periodontal afferent projection is considered particularly in the light of parallels with the vestibular system, which also has direct and relayed cerebellar projections.

scholarly journals Observations on electrical stimulation of the cerebellar cortex

1929 ◽  
Vol 104 (733) ◽  
pp. 518-536 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
Pyramidal Tract ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Nerve Tissue ◽  
Prominent Feature ◽  
Decerebrate Rigidity ◽  
Cerebellar Function ◽  
Stimulation Of

In recent years Miller (8) and fulton (6) among other authors have produced valuable reviews of the question of cerebellar function. Of primary importance in investigating cerebellar activity by stimulation of its cortex is the fundamental observation of Sherrington (12) that faradisation of the rostral surface produces ipsilateral inhibition of inhibition of decerebrate rigidity. Latterly this observation has been confirmed and amplified by Bremer (1) and by Miller and Banting (7) among others. Electrical stimulation of the anterior lobe inhibits posture in ipsilateral antigravity muscles augments lobe produces spasticity of antigravity muscles on one or both sides. In the pigeon, Which lacks a pyramidal tract, Bremer and Ley (2) Have obtained similar results by excision of, or by stimulation of, the cerebellar cortes. Pollock and Davis (10) have produced similar results in cats by rendering anæmic the anterior part of the cerebellum at the same time as the precollicular neuraxis. Rademaker's animals, from which the entire cerebellum had been ablated, were observed for many months(11) and throughout that time hypertonicity of antigravity muscles was a prominent feature of their symptoms. More recently, Miller and Laughton (9) have described the result of stimulating, not the cerebellar cortex, but the nuclei themselves, which were exposed by ablation of overlying nerve tissue. We proposed therefore to extend these observations by use of a dead-beat recording mechanism, namely, the Sherrington myograph.

Zones in the cerebellar cortex

1981 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duane E. Haines
Keyword(s):  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Electrode Placement ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Efferent Connections ◽  
Afferent Fibers ◽  
Fine Print ◽  
Stimulation Of

✓ The organization of zones in the cerebellar cortex, as reflected by the arrangement of cortical efferent and afferent fibers, was reviewed with special emphasis on the anterior lobe. There is conclusive evidence for the existence of at least six, and possibly as many as nine, ipsilateral rostrocaudally oriented cortical zones, each having specific afferent and efferent connections. The topography of afferent and efferent fibers of the cerebellar cortex and/or the spatial arrangement of cortical zones have not been given appropriate attention in both experimental and clinical studies dealing with focal electrical stimulation of the cerebellum. It is suggested that inattention to the relationships between electrode placement and zones in the cerebellar cortex may be partially responsible for the sometimes capricious results during and/or subsequent to cerebellar cortical stimulation.

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