scholarly journals Fungi in the diets of northern flying squirrels and lodgepole chipmunks in the Sierra Nevada

2005 ◽  
Vol 83 (12) ◽  
pp. 1581-1589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc D Meyer ◽  
Malcolm P North ◽  
Douglas A Kelt
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Glaucomys Sabrinus ◽  
Dietary Overlap ◽  
Conifer Forest ◽  
Seasonal Differences ◽  
Flying Squirrels ◽  
Northern Flying Squirrel ◽  
Mixed Conifer Forest ◽  
Northern Flying Squirrels ◽  
Teakettle Experimental Forest

The diets of a fungal specialist, northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus (Shaw, 1801)), and a dietary generalist, lodgepole chipmunk (Neotamias speciosus (Merriam, 1890)), were examined in the old-growth, mixed-conifer forest at the Teakettle Experimental Forest in California's southern Sierra Nevada. Spores of fungi were identified from fecal pellets collected from both species during spring and summer of 1999 through 2002. Frequency of fungi in the diets of both squirrel species was consistently high across all seasons and years of study. Overall, G. sabrinus diets contained about 30% greater richness and evenness of fungal taxa than N. speciosus diets. There were no seasonal differences in richness and evenness of fungal taxa in squirrel diets. Richness of fungal taxa in diets was positively correlated with hypogeous sporocarp biomass and rainfall from June through August for N. speciosus but not for G. sabrinus. Dietary overlap between G. sabrinus and N. speciosus was high with respect to the most frequently consumed fungal taxa, although Gautieria and Gastroboletus were consumed in greater proportions by G. sabrinus than N. speciosus. Our results indicate that in the southern Sierra Nevada both G. sabrinus and N. speciosus were frequent consumers of a similar, diverse assemblage of fungal taxa and that consumption was proportional to seasonal differences in availability. For the more strongly mycophagist G. sabrinus, however, diet had a greater proportion of select fungal taxa and avoidance of less desirable taxa.

Truffle abundance in riparian and upland mixed-conifer forest of California's southern Sierra Nevada

2005 ◽  
Vol 83 (8) ◽  
pp. 1015-1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc D Meyer ◽  
Malcolm P North
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Glaucomys Sabrinus ◽  
Conifer Forest ◽  
Riparian Areas ◽  
Mixed Conifer ◽  
Flying Squirrels ◽  
Mixed Conifer Forest ◽  
Northern Flying Squirrels

We compared the abundance, diversity, and composition of truffles in riparian and upland areas within a mixed-conifer forest of the Sierra Nevada of California. We sampled for truffles in a single watershed over two seasons (spring and summer) and 4 years to determine whether truffles were more abundant and diverse in riparian than upland sites in old-growth, mixed-conifer forest. Truffle frequency, biomass, and species richness were greater in riparian sites than in upland sites in both spring and summer samples. Species composition of truffles also was different between sites, with nine and one species found exclusively in riparian and upland sites, respectively. Distance between the center of truffle plots to logs and trees was lower and soil moisture was greater in riparian sites compared with upland sites, suggesting that log density, tree proximity, and soil moisture may influence truffle production in these habitats. Our study underscores the importance of riparian areas for truffles, a primary food source for northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus) in the Sierra Nevada of California.Key words: truffles, riparian, Sierra Nevada.

Differences in trapping mortality rates of northern flying squirrels

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 660-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel K. Rosenberg ◽  
Robert G. Anthony
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Differential Mortality ◽  
Glaucomys Sabrinus ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
Flying Squirrels ◽  
Northern Flying Squirrel ◽  
Northern Flying Squirrels ◽  
Juvenile Males

We described trapping mortality rates of northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus) populations in western Oregon, U.S.A., and evaluated the effects of sex, age, body mass, and number of times an individual was recaptured on these rates. Although the overall trapping mortality rates were relatively low (7%) during 16–21 day trapping sessions, we observed differential mortality rates among the sex and age cohorts. The order of mortality rates was: juvenile females (32.3%) > juvenile males (11.1%) > adult females (5.1%) = adult males (4.1%). Overall trapping mortality rates were not affected by the number of times an individual was captured. We hypothesize that the differences we found were due to extrinsic factors (weather-related) acting on differential behavioral responses to trapping and thresholds of stress an animal can tolerate.

Den trees used by northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus) in southeastern Alaska

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (9) ◽  
pp. 1623-1633 ◽  
Author(s):  
V J Bakker ◽  
K Hastings
Keyword(s):  
Small Groups ◽  
Random Trees ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Glaucomys Sabrinus ◽  
Flying Squirrel ◽  
Flying Squirrels ◽  
Northern Flying Squirrel ◽  
Den Site Selection ◽  
Northern Flying Squirrels

Northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus) dens are reportedly associated with features characteristic of older forests, and den availability is a potential limiting factor in younger forests. We assessed den sites used by northern flying squirrels in southeastern Alaska, where we expected den-site selection to differ from more southerly forests, owing to increased thermal stress but reduced predation and competition. We located 27 squirrels in 76 dens and compared den trees with 1875 matched random trees. Most dens ([Formula: see text]73%) were in cavities and 21% were at heights of [Formula: see text]3 m. This high rate of cavity use, including cavities low in the bole, likely reflects the importance of weatherproof dens in this cool wet region. Northern flying squirrels preferentially used trees with indicators of cavity presence, selecting for snags and for larger diameter trees with bole entries, conks, abundant mistletoe, and dead tops. Although cavity availability is probably not limiting populations in this region currently, cavity-supporting trees would be one of the last elements of old-growth forests to develop in intensively logged stands. Retention of small groups of large snags and live trees exhibiting evidence of disease or physical defects would ensure availability of denning structures after logging.

Food habits of the northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus) in Oregon

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 1084-1088 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zane Maser ◽  
Chris Maser ◽  
James M. Trappe
Keyword(s):  
Food Habits ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Coniferous Forests ◽  
Glaucomys Sabrinus ◽  
Hypogeous Fungi ◽  
Flying Squirrel ◽  
Flying Squirrels ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Northern Flying Squirrel ◽  
Northern Flying Squirrels

Digestive tracts of 91 northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus) were analyzed for food items; 28 were from northwestern Oregon and 63 from northeastern Oregon. Ninety percent or more of the ingested materials were fungi and lichens, including 20 genera of hypogeous fungi. The northern flying squirrel, in using hypogeous fungi as a major food source, is an important nocturnal disperser of the spores. In Oregon coniferous forests, these fungi are obligatory ectomycorrhizal symbionts with the trees in which the squirrels live.

Mechanisms of truffle detection by northern flying squirrels

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (6) ◽  
pp. 1007-1015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjay Pyare ◽  
William S Longland
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Coarse Woody Debris ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Detection Rate ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Glaucomys Sabrinus ◽  
Flying Squirrels ◽  
Northern Flying Squirrels

The objective of this study was to evaluate how northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus) locate truffles (Gautieria monticola), a subterranean and ephemeral but primary food source. Thus, we evaluated the importance of three factors to the foraging behavior of northern flying squirrels: (i) olfactory chemicals that emanate from truffles; (ii) the presence of coarse woody debris (decaying logs), which are often associated with fungi; and (iii) we explored the potential role animal memory could play in truffle detection as well. In a foraging arena, squirrels successfully retrieved buried truffles that lacked aboveground cues in 19 of 30 trials and failed to search near treatments that lacked truffles altogether, confirming the importance of olfaction to squirrel foraging. However, squirrels also retrieved truffles that were associated most frequently with surface logs (27 of 30). In addition, the initial detection rate of the truffle + log treatment was significantly greater than the truffle-only treatment. Thus, although squirrels search for truffles primarily using olfaction, they may also benefit by searching near coarse woody debris on the forest floor as an aboveground cue to truffle locations. In addition, because 82% of Sierra Nevada truffle-fruiting locations that were marked in 1996 yielded truffles again the following 2 years, mycophagous animals like northern flying squirrels may benefit by memorizing fruiting locations and foraging at these same locations from year to year.

Modeling impacts of landscape connectivity on dispersal movements of northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus griseifrons)

2019 ◽  
Vol 394 ◽  
pp. 44-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie E. Trapp ◽  
Casey C. Day ◽  
Elizabeth A. Flaherty ◽  
Patrick A. Zollner ◽  
Winston P. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Landscape Connectivity ◽  
Glaucomys Sabrinus ◽  
Flying Squirrels ◽  
Northern Flying Squirrels
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