Variation in Phyllostomus discolor (Chiroptera: Phyllostomatidae)

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis M. Power ◽  
J. R. Tamsitt
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Central America ◽  
Andes Mountains ◽  
Southern Mexico ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Limb Bone ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Cranial Measurements ◽  
Phyllostomus Discolor

Variation was assessed in the neotropical bat Phyllostomus discolor from a number of morphometric characters (length of one limb bone and eight cranial measurements). Sexual dimorphism is significant and is attributable to subtle differences in shape rather than to differences in size. Geographic variation among 13 samples of males and 8 samples of females indicated pronounced phenetic heterogeneity among populations within and west of the Andes Mountains, through Central America, and into southern Mexico. Populations east of the Andes Mountains are more homogeneous. Range disruption during the Pleistocene and past and present topographical hindrances to gene flow may be responsible in part for observed patterns of variation.

scholarly journals Evaluating the monophyly of Mammillaria series Supertextae (Cactaceae)

PhytoKeys ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 177 ◽  
pp. 25-42
Author(s):  
Cristian R. Cervantes ◽  
Silvia Hinojosa-Alvarez ◽  
Ana Wegier ◽  
Ulises Rosas ◽  
Salvador Arias
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Central America ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Southern Mexico ◽  
Infrageneric Classification ◽  
Ancestral Polymorphisms ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The Relationship

Mammillaria (Cactaceae) taxonomy has been historically problematic due to the morphological variability and sympatry of the species. This has led to several proposals for infrageneric classification, including subgeneric, section and series categories. Mammillaria ser. Supertextae is one of 15 series and is made up of a variable set of species that are mainly distributed in southern Mexico and Central America. However, the phylogenetic relationships within M. ser. Supertextae and its relationship to other Mammillaria taxa are far from fully understood. Here we attempt to elucidate these relationships using complete terminal sampling and newly obtained chloroplast marker sequences and comparing them to Mammillaria species sequences from GenBank. Our phylogenetic analyses showed that M. ser. Supertextae comprises a well-supported monophyletic group that diverged approximately 2.1 Mya and has M. ser. Polyacanthae as its sister group; however, relationships within M. ser. Supertextae remain unresolved. The topology obtained within M. ser. Supertextae must also be interpreted under the distribution shared by these taxa, but it is difficult to differentiate ancestral polymorphisms from possible introgression, given the short time elapsed and the markers used. Our results show that the infrageneric units of M. haageana and M. albilanata can be considered independent evolutionary units. We also suggest that the relationship between M. haageana and M. albilanata is convoluted because their distribution overlaps (mainly towards southern Mexico), with genetic differences that possibly indicate they represent more than two taxonomic entities. One possible explanation is that there could still be gene flow between these taxa, and we might be witnessing an ongoing speciation process.

Zoogeography

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter L. Meserve
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Central America ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Before Present ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Land Bridge ◽  
Southern Mexico ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Reptile Species ◽  
Early Cenozoic

South America forms the greater part of the Neotropical faunal realm, which extends northward through Central America to tropical southern Mexico. Although making up only 12% of the world’s land area, South America is the richest continent for virtually all organismal groups, including vertebrates. For example, of the known 23,250 species of fish (Eschmeyer, 1998), 41% or 9,530 species are freshwater, and of these, more than 2,800 species (29%) are in South America (Moyle and Cech, 2000). A comparable level of diversity exists for amphibians and birds. Of Earth’s 5,900 species of amphibians, at least 1,749 or 30% occur in South America (Duellman, 1999a, 1999b; Köhler et al., 2005; www.amphibiaweb.org). More than 3,200 (or nearly 32%) of Earth’s 9,900 species of birds occur in South America (Sibley and Monroe, 1990). For reptiles and mammals, diversity is only slightly lower; at least 1,560 (19%) of 8,240 reptile species (Uetz and Etzold, 1996; www.reptiledatabase. org), and 1,037 (19%) of 5,416 mammal species (Nowak, 1999; Wilson and Reeder, 2005) are found in South America. Four major geological events or features are important to understanding South America’s contemporary zoogeography. The first was the breakup of Pangea, and then of Gondwana. South America and Africa remained close for an extended period of the Mesozoic, and thus share important similarities in their faunas, including groups not fully evolved at the time of separation. South America also maintained connections to other Gondwanan continents, directly with Antarctica, indirectly with Australia, until the early Cenozoic. The second major feature was South America’s long period of isolation in the Cenozoic, particularly from North America pending establishment of the late Pliocene land bridge after 3 Ma (million years before present). The latter resulted in “The Great American Interchange” (Webb, 1976; Marshall et al., 1982), which had profound consequences for the fauna. The third major feature of South America has been the Andes, which, in addition to modifying climate, have been a center of speciation, a dispersal route, and a barrier. The cordillera has had an overriding effect on distributions and histories of both past and current biotas on the continent.

Rubiacearum Americanarum Magna Hama Pars XLIX: Overview of the Neotropical Genus Tournefortiopsis (Guettardeae), With Some New Species and Subspecies

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 227-265
Author(s):  
Charlotte M. Taylor ◽  
Andreas Berger
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
South America ◽  
Central America ◽  
Lesser Antilles ◽  
Species Status ◽  
Southern Mexico ◽  
Molecular Analyses ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Center Of Diversity ◽  
Andean South America

Guettarda L. (Rubiaceae) as traditionally circumscribed has been found to be polyphyletic in molecular analyses. Tournefortiopsis Rusby has been separated from it based on details of inflorescence arrangement, pyrene shape, and molecular analyses. We here find additional characters that distinguish this genus: valvate-induplicate corolla lobes and apical horns on the pyrenes. Some features that are usually consistent within species and often genera of Rubiaceae vary within some species of Tournefortiopsis, especially pubescence form and number of corolla lobes and locules. Our taxonomic review of this genus recognizes 12 species found in Central America and perhaps southern Mexico, the Lesser Antilles, and northern and Andean South America, and finds its center of diversity in the Andes of Colombia. Chomelia torrana C. M. Taylor is here transferred to Tournefortiopsis, and four species are newly described here plus one recently recognized variety is raised to species status, all in South America: T. crassifolia (Standl. ex Steyerm.) C. M. Taylor & A. C. Berger, T. deviana C. M. Taylor, T. robusta C. M. Taylor, T. sopkinii C. M. Taylor, and T. tamboana C. M. Taylor. Tournefortiopsis crispiflora (Vahl) Borhidi is here treated as widespread and morphologically variable, with a complex of forms that are not distinctive but completely separable and with notable diversification in Central America and the northern Andes. Four subspecies of T. crispiflora are recognized, with one circumscribed differently than previously and one newly described, T. crispiflora subsp. delicatula C. M. Taylor & A. C. Berger. The identity and characters of T. dependens (Ruiz & Pav.) Borhidi are clarified, and it is more widely distributed than previously noted. Six names are lectotypified.

Population biology of the unusual thermoconforming lizards of the Andes Mountains of Peru (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiffany M. Doan ◽  
Sara A. Sheffer ◽  
Nicholas R. Warmington ◽  
Eliot E. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Population Biology ◽  
Andes Mountains ◽  
The Andes

scholarly journals Morphometric characters and their relationship in estuarine catfish

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Begum ◽  
Abdullah Al-Mamun ◽  
ML Islam ◽  
MJ Alam
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Standard Length ◽  
Head Length ◽  
Pectoral Fin ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Length Standard ◽  
Eye Diameter ◽  
Males And Females

The morphometric observations were made on total length, standard length, pre-caudal length, head length, eye diameter and depth of body at pectoral fin base of estuarine catfish M. gulio. Males and females showed homogeneity in characters. A linear relationship was found between total length and morphometric characters. Regression of length and weight did not deviate significantly from cube law indicating isometric growth. The fish exhibited sexual dimorphism. Keywords: Morphometric characters; Estuarine catfish; Mystus gulio DOI: 10.3329/jbau.v6i2.4833 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 6(2): 349-353, 2008

Paradise Transplanted

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 86-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Central America ◽  
Support Network ◽  
Informal Support ◽  
Community Garden ◽  
Southern Mexico ◽  
Informal Support Network

This article tells the story of a central Los Angeles community garden and the women, who came primarily from Southern Mexico and Central America, who had plots there. The garden fostered an informal support network for the women and families who used it, and a place to grow food and flowers common in their home communities but not found in Los Angeles. The essay then traces the upheaval the followed a local nonprofit’s takeover of, and investment in, the garden.

scholarly journals Genomic phylogeography of the White-crowned Manakin Pseudopipra pipra (Aves: Pipridae) illuminates a continental-scale radiation out of the Andes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob S. Berv ◽  
Leonardo Campagna ◽  
Teresa J. Feo ◽  
Ivandy Castro-Astor ◽  
Camila C. Ribas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Passerine Bird ◽  
Biological Species ◽  
Genetic Connectivity ◽  
Population Isolation ◽  
Continental Scale ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Areas Of Endemism ◽  
History Of

AbstractThe complex landscape history of the Neotropics has generated opportunities for population isolation and subsequent diversification that place this region among the most species-rich in the world. Detailed phylogeographic studies are required to uncover the biogeographic histories of Neotropical taxa, to identify evolutionary correlates of diversity, and to reveal patterns of genetic connectivity, disjunction, and potential differentiation among lineages from different areas of endemism. The White-crowned Manakin (Pseudopipra pipra) is a small suboscine passerine bird that is broadly distributed through the subtropical rainforests of Central America, the lower montane cloud forests of the Andes from Colombia to central Peru, the lowlands of Amazonia and the Guianas, and the Atlantic forest of southeast Brazil. Pseudopipra is currently recognized as a single, polytypic biological species. We studied the effect of the Neotropical landscape on genetic and phenotypic differentiation within this species using genomic data derived from double digest restriction site associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD), and mitochondrial DNA. Most of the genetic breakpoints we identify among populations coincide with physical barriers to gene flow previously associated with avian areas of endemism. The phylogenetic relationships among these populations imply a novel pattern of Andean origination for this group, with subsequent diversification into the Amazonian lowlands. Our analysis of genomic admixture and gene flow establishes a complex history of introgression between some western Amazonian populations. These reticulate processes confound our application of standard concatenated and coalescent phylogenetic methods and raise the question of whether a lineage in the western Napo area of endemism should be considered a hybrid species. Lastly, analysis of variation in vocal and plumage phenotypes in the context of our phylogeny supports the hypothesis that Pseudopipra is a species-complex composed of at least 8, and perhaps up to 17 distinct species which have arisen in the last ∼2.5 Ma.

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